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Abstract
Understanding how cell organelles and compartments communicate with each other has always been an important field of knowledge widely explored by many researchers. However, despite years of investigations, one point—and perhaps the only point that many agree on—is that our knowledge about cellular-signaling pathways still requires expanding. Chloroplasts and mitochondria (because of their primary functions in energy conversion) are important cellular sensors of environmental fluctuations and feedback they provide back to the nucleus is important for acclimatory responses. Under stressful conditions, it is important to manage cellular resources more efficiently in order to maintain a proper balance between development, growth and stress responses. For example, it can be achieved through regulation of nuclear and organellar gene expression. If plants are unable to adapt to stressful conditions, they will be unable to efficiently produce energy for growth and development—and ultimately die. In this review, we show the importance of retrograde signaling in stress responses, including the induction of cell death and in organelle biogenesis. The complexity of these pathways demonstrates how challenging it is to expand the existing knowledge. However, understanding this sophisticated communication may be important to develop new strategies of how to improve adaptability of plants in rapidly changing environments.
Highlights
Oxygenic photosynthesis is an ancient process that likely evolved over 3.7 billion years ago in free-living bacteria
We present role of the signals derived from dysfunctional organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes in regulation of nuclear gene expression (NGE)
Some researchers hypothesize that chloroplasts and mitochondrial retrograde signals converge through transcription factors (TFs) called ANAC017 to regulate programmed cell death (PCD) as response to severe organellar stress [172]
Summary
Oxygenic photosynthesis is an ancient process that likely evolved over 3.7 billion years ago in free-living bacteria. During the evolution of eukaryotic plant cells, the genomes of the original endosymbionts evolved and rearranged in such way that many genes were transferred from organellar genomes to nucleus This process was aimed at securing endosymbionts in eukaryotic cell and simplifying metabolic pathways to allow eukaryotic cells to manage their resources in a more efficient manner. We cannot clearly distinguish which pathway was more beneficial, but it is obvious that the emergence of the eukaryotic cell led to the possibility for the evolution of plant, fungi and animal modern cells, which was a major breakthrough in evolution of oxygenic life on earth To make this happen, the original symbionts had to develop a highly coordinated two—or three-way communication system. We try to describe different classes of retrograde signals, already known pathways related to organelles biogenesis or stress response and discuss all the controversy that have recently arisen around some of the putative retrograde candidates
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