Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature from Earth Observation Satellites for Gas Flaring Sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Barnabas Morakinyo,Victor Abbott,Samantha Lavender

doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20200803.13

Abstract

This research investigates the recording of Land Surface Temperature (LST) by Earth Observation (EO) Satellites for four gas flaring sites in Rivers State, Nigeria. Six Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Eleven Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) from 17 January 1986 to 08 March 2013 with < 5% cloud contamination were considered. All the sites are located within a single Landsat scene (Path 188, Row 057). Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) method and Atmospheric Correction Parameter (ATMCORR) Calculator were used to obtain atmospheric correction effects parameters for multispectral and thermal bands [Upwelling radiance (Lu), downwelling radiance (Ld) and transmittance (τ)] of Landsat data respectively. The emissivity (e) for each site is estimated by using standard values for determined land surface cover from Look Up Table (LUT). The correction obtained from DOS method was applied to the computed reflectance to get the atmospherically corrected reflectance that was used for the classification of land cover. The Lu, Ld and τ obtained were applied to the calibrated at-sensor radiance band 6 (high gain) data to compute the surface-leaving radiance (Lλ) with the evalues obtained for each site. The Planck equation was inverted using the calibration constants to derive LST. Six range of LST values were retrieved for each flaring site, with Bonny Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plant recorded the highest LST (345.0 K) and Umudioga Flow Station with the lowest (293.0 K). LST retrieved from both sensors for the flare hotspots are the highest values compared to other locations within the processing sites, which was clearly shown through Geospatial Information System (GIS) spatial analysis and the transects plots. Furthermore, the closer is the distance to the flare, the higher is the temperature and vice versa. Based on these results, it can be concluded that satellite based sensors, such as Landsat TM and ETM+, have the ability to record LST at gas flaring sites in the Niger Delta.

Highlights

Remote sensing of Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important research area due to its diverse applications such as detection of gas flares or forest fires [1, 2], land use and land cover change (LULC) [3], vegetation monitoring [4], climatic change analysis [5], geothermal area detection, weather prediction and analysis of energy and matter exchanges between the atmosphere and surfaces [6, 7], hydrological circle [8]
The upwelling thermal radiation measured by satellite systems which is used as a substitute for estimating the LST is affected by atmospheric constituents before reaching the sensors resulting in inaccurate LST estimates if the atmosphere is not correctly accounted for [22]
Compared with the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST product, the results from the analysis indicate that the algorithm is able to provide an accurate estimation of LST from MODIS data [24]

Summary

Introduction

Remote sensing of Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important research area due to its diverse applications such as detection of gas flares or forest fires [1, 2], land use and land cover change (LULC) [3], vegetation monitoring [4], climatic change analysis [5], geothermal area detection, weather prediction and analysis of energy and matter exchanges between the atmosphere and surfaces [6, 7], hydrological circle [8]. LST, methods for its estimation from space have continuously been developed [12] Sensors, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) [13] and the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) [14], have provided public domain global thermal data twice daily, using two longwave infrared (LWIR) bands. [17] integrated Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) data and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIIRS) data to record LST for investigating gas flaring activities; [18] used MODIS data for the retrieval of LST for the characterization of gas flaring from the space; and [19] compared MODIS data, Landsat 8 OLI/TIR data, VIIRS data and Spining Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data for retrieval of fire radiative power (FRP) for assessing industrial gas flaring output. The upwelling thermal radiation measured by satellite systems which is used as a substitute for estimating the LST is affected by atmospheric constituents before reaching the sensors resulting in inaccurate LST estimates if the atmosphere is not correctly accounted for [22]

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion