Abstract
AbstractWith the launch of Sentinel-1 in 2014, a new era of openly accessible spaceborne radar imagery was begun, and its potential has been demonstrated throughout all fields of applications. However, while interferometric approaches to detect surface deformations are continuously being published, only a few studies address the derivation of digital elevation models (DEMs) from Sentinel-1 data. This is mainly because of the narrow orbital tube, which was primarily designed for subsidence measurements using differential interferometry. Nonetheless, the technical conditions are provided for successful applications involving DEM generation. These are outlined in the first part of this article with a focus on potential error sources and the impact of the most important constraints, namely, temporal and perpendicular baselines. The second part evaluates 21 studies on this topic, their aims, and how they dealt with error sources and the necessity of validation. These studies are then discussed based on the main challenges and potentials including how these can be tackled in the future to lay a solid foundation for scientific discourse.
Highlights
Among all data sources of geospatial information and analysis, digital elevation models (DEMs) hold a specialInitially assessed through labor-intensive field surveys and analog photogrammetry [6], the term “digital terrain model” (DTM) was introduced by Miller and Laflamme in 1958 [7] to describe the topographic height of the Earth’s surface
Two popular examples for globally computed digital surface models (DSMs), which were retrieved from photogrammetric processing, are the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM, processed from 1.2 million ASTER images acquired between 2001 and 2007 [13]) and the ALOS Global Digital Surface Model “ALOS World 3D 30m” (AW3D30, processed from around three million scenes of ALOS PRISM acquired between 2006 and 2011 [14])
Their approach was based on a series of interferograms, which were systematically divided into two groups of small and large (21 image pairs [bperp: 175–1,225 m]) perpendicular baselines to analyze the effect of this parameter on the DEM quality for Mykonos
Summary
Among all data sources of geospatial information and analysis, digital elevation models (DEMs) hold a specialInitially assessed through labor-intensive field surveys and analog photogrammetry [6], the term “digital terrain model” (DTM) was introduced by Miller and Laflamme in 1958 [7] to describe the topographic height of the Earth’s surface. As image features are recognized from image contrasts by mostly automatic matching techniques [11,12], this technique measures the height of the Earth’s surface including potentially protruding objects, such as vegetation (e.g., forest canopies, crops) and artificial objects (e.g., urban areas and infrastructures). For such data, the term of digital surface models (DSMs) was created, which allowed the distinction between digitally derived ground and object heights. With the invention of LiDAR and point-cloud processing techniques, both DTMs and DSMs can be derived from one data source alone since the beginning of the twenty-first century [17,18]
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