Abstract
36 concrete and 36 abstract nouns were sorted into 12 subjectively defined categories. In a 2 × 2 design there was a strong effect for concreteness in the free-recall of the previously organized materials under conditions of incidental as well as intentional learning. Part-list retrieval cues did not diminish the concreteness effect. The inefficiency of part-list retrieval cues with organized abstract materials was unexpected and is attributed to a deficient organizational structure.
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