RETRACTED: Using of double distribution function LBM (DDF/LBM) and experimental rheological/thermal measurements of nanofluid for battery thermal management

Abstract

Abstract The growing demand of electric vehicles (EVs) attracts many researchers to work on the battery thermal management to maintain the temperature of battery package in the desired temperature. In this regard, the present work aims to use the numerical and experimental approaches in order to perform the battery thermal management. The lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer during free convection in a rectangular cavity included with seven battery cylinders. The battery package and battery are simplified with rectangular cavity and circle cylinder, respectively. The top and bottom walls are kept at constant cold temperature with three different configurations (Smooth, Jagged and Zigzag). In addition, the cavity is filled with SLG (Single Layer Graphene)/water nanofluid which the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are measured experimentally using modern devices. Furthermore, the second law analysis is carried out in order to find the influence of governing parameters including Rayleigh number, nanoparticle concentration (?? = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml) and configuration of cavity on the local/total entropy generation. The flow structure, temperature field, local maps of heat transfer irreversibility and fluid friction irreversibility, volumetric magnitude of total entropy generation and average Nusselt number are presented.