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Abstract
This review pays attention to the newest insights on the soil microbiome in plant disease-suppressive soil (DSS) for sustainable plant health management from the perspective of a circular economy that provides beneficial microbiota by recycling agro-wastes into the soil. In order to increase suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens, the main goal of this paper is to critically discuss and compare the potential use of reshaped soil microbiomes by assembling different agricultural practices such as crop selection; land use and conservative agriculture; crop rotation, diversification, intercropping and cover cropping; compost and chitosan application; and soil pre-fumigation combined with organic amendments and bio-organic fertilizers. This review is seen mostly as a comprehensive understanding of the main findings regarding DSS, starting from the oldest concepts to the newest challenges, based on the assumption that sustainability for soil quality and plant health is increasingly viable and supported by microbiome-assisted strategies based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods that characterize in depth the soil bacterial and fungal communities. This approach, together with the virtuous reuse of agro-wastes to produce in situ green composts and organic bio-fertilizers, is the best way to design new sustainable cropping systems in a circular economy system. The current knowledge on soil-borne pathogens and soil microbiota is summarized. How microbiota determine soil suppression and what NGS strategies are available to understand soil microbiomes in DSS are presented. Disturbance of soil microbiota based on combined agricultural practices is deeply considered. Sustainable soil microbiome management by recycling in situ agro-wastes is presented. Afterwards, how the resulting new insights can drive the progress in sustainable microbiome-based disease management is discussed.
Highlights
The modern agricultural systems are characterized by intensive cropping systems, deep tillage, continuous monoculture and low organic matter content [1]
Though this study suggested that abundance, richness and diversity of the fungal and bacterial communities may be strongly determinant for soil suppression, further research is needed to elucidate the role of some fungal community parameters in the emergence and development of disease suppression in a broader range of soils and crops
A primary goal is develop high-yielding resistant cultivars and selective microbial inoculants in the rhizosphere to overcome the issues related to the indiscriminate use of hazardous chemicals in controlling soil-borne plant pathogens
Summary
The modern agricultural systems are characterized by intensive cropping systems, deep tillage, continuous monoculture and low organic matter content [1]. Critical comparison and improvement of the most recent findings based on the combined use of tailored OAs and bio-organic fertilizers, new co-products and organic formulates coming from the recycling in situ of agro-wastes in the light of microbiome-assisted strategies for improving the quality and efficiency of DSS for sustainable plant health management seem to be lacking or insufficiently considered in revision literature. This paper covers the major part of these issues, being mainly addressed to giving a comprehensive review describing, comparing and discussing the oldest concepts vs the newest challenges based on the assumption that the use of DSS is still more viable and increasingly supported by NGS technology, which can help farmers to design new sustainable cropping systems from the perspective of a virtuous reuse in situ of agricultural wastes. Afterwards, how the resulting new insights can drive the progress in sustainable microbiome-based disease management is discussed at the end of the paper
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