RETRACTED: Inhibition effects of long-term calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer application on Cd uptake in rice: Regulation of the iron-nitrogen coupling cycle driven by the soil microbial community

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) pollution in paddy soil seriously endangers food safety production. To investigate the effects and microbiological mechanisms of calcium-magnesium-phosphate (CMP) fertilizer application on Cd reduction in rice, field experiments were conducted in Cd-contaminated paddy soil. Compared with conventional compound fertilizer, CMP fertilizer treatments inhibited Cd uptake through plant roots, significantly decreasing Cd content in rice grains from 0.340 to 0.062 mg/kg. Soil pH and total Ca, Mg and P contents increased after CMP fertilizer application, resulting in a further decrease in soil available Cd content from 0.246 to 0.181 mg/kg. Specific extraction analysis recorded a decrease in both available Fe content and the ratio of nitrate to ammonium nitrogen, indicating that the soil Fe-N cycle was affected by the addition of CMP fertilizer. This finding was also recorded using soil bacterial community sequencing, with CMP fertilizer promoting the progress of nitrate-dependent Fe-oxidation driven by Thiobacillus (1.60–2.83%) and subsequent dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) driven by Ignavibacteriae (1.01–1.92%); Fe-reduction driven by Anaeromyxobacter (3.09–2.23%) was also inhibited. Our results indicate that CMP fertilizer application regulates the Fe-N coupling cycle driven by the soil microbial community to benefit remediation of Cd contaminated paddy soil.