Abstract

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).Please note that an Expression of Concern has previously been published to alert readers to an ongoing investigation into this paper. This retraction supersedes the Expression of Concern.This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.In investigating concerns brought up regarding the article, the editor reached out to the authors for an explanation.The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation to the above points.Furthermore, the acceptance of this article was partly based upon the positive advice of a reviewer report from a reviewer who was closely linked to the Guest Editor, Masoud Afrand.The Editor noticed a significant increase of citations of papers authored by one of the Guest Editors between the original submission and the revised version. In summary, 0 papers by Nader Karimi were cited in the original version of the paper. This increased to 8 papers in the revised version. Post-publication, the Editor also discovered that the email addresses used by the authors during the submission process were associated with multiple researcher accounts. The Editor has determined that the authorship of the paper cannot be relied upon.Overall, the Editor has determined that the paper should be retracted.

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