RETRACTED ARTICLE: Experimental and comparative analysis of various solar PV module technologies using module level inverter topologies at south-India for the context-aware application

Abstract

The PV module structure has observed many improvements in the structure design ever since the days of its origin, so that the performance and durability of PV Module is improved over the period of years. A PV module has a multi-layered structure—an anodized aluminum frame ensures rigidity to the module by coupling together all the components tightly. As solar energy is growing, the demand for electricity is reduced and it is the most prominent technology in the upcoming generations. The solar energy is used to convert the irradiation (i.e. light) into electricity. At present, the most promising energy source in India is the solar energy and the government is also taking major policies to implement the solar PV system. For electrical performance evaluation, an online monitoring tool was used, along with module temperature detector (resistance temperature detector) and solar irradiance detector (silicon reference cell). The temperature and irradiance data make it easier for the conversion of the measured I–V curve to standard test conditions (STC), so that these can then be compared with the name plate data of the module and the average degradation rates (difference of name plate data and measured data divided by the number of years the module was installed in field). Also, at some sites, the site was also equipped with tools like Multi-meter, ambient temperature and humidity sensor tilt angle meter (to measure the inclination angle of the module with respect to horizontal) and compass (to know the direction in which the modules are facing). In this study, we have reviewed a 2.2 kW solar PV system for the context-aware application with eight different PV modules for three different seasons namely summer, rainy and autumn seasons prevailing in south India from January to December. The system was monitored regularly for 24 h using monitoring portal. Sensors are being used to monitor the Coimbatore site’s irradiance, temperature and wind conditions and calculate performance ratio (PR). Results from the study shows that the power generation from 2.2 kW solar PV systems has higher performance in summer when compared to any other seasons in Coimbatore. From the above reliability study the best performed panel technology is Interdigited Back Contact under different conditions with different data analysis.