RETRACTED ARTICLE: Empirical Modeling of Physiochemical Immune Response of Multilayer Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials under UV Exposure to Melanoma and Foreskin Fibroblasts

Muhammad Fakhar-E-Alam,M Waseem Akram,Seemab Iqbal,K S Alimgeer,M Atif,K Sultana,M Willander,Zhiming M Wang

doi:10.1038/srep46603

Abstract

Carcinogenesis is a complex molecular process starting with genetic and epigenetic alterations, mutation stimulation, and DNA modification, which leads to proteomic adaptation ending with an uncontrolled proliferation mechanism. The current research focused on the empirical modelling of the physiological response of human melanoma cells (FM55P) and human foreskin fibroblasts cells (AG01518) to the multilayer zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials under UV-A exposure. To validate this experimental scheme, multilayer ZnO nanomaterials were grown on a femtotip silver capillary and conjugated with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Furthermore, PpIX-conjugated ZnO nanomaterials grown on the probe were inserted into human melanoma (FM55P) and foreskin fibroblasts cells (AG01518) under UV-A light exposure. Interestingly, significant cell necrosis was observed because of a loss in mitochondrial membrane potential just after insertion of the femtotip tool. Intense reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescence was observed after exposure to the ZnO NWs conjugated with PpIX femtotip model under UV exposure. Results were verified by applying several experimental techniques, e.g., ROS detection, MTT assay, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The present work reports experimental modelling of cell necrosis in normal human skin as well as a cancerous tissue. These obtained results pave the way for a more rational strategy for biomedical and clinical applications.

Highlights

Hybrids in malignant cells under exposure to suitable wavelengths of light
The idea of the multilayer femtotip was employed for the deep emission light threshold, which can allow for photochemical reactions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberation with the influence of molecular oxygen and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) within the tumour site and the surrounding tissue
A number of scholars have claimed that zinc oxide (ZnO) is bio-safe and biocompatible[20], but we have found that bare ZnO nanowires (ZnO NWs) and those conjugated to Pp1X exhibit considerable cell toxicity to fibroblasts and melanoma cells when incubated together for 24 h

Summary

Introduction

Hybrids in malignant cells under exposure to suitable wavelengths of light. The excited photosensitizer transfers its energy to molecular oxygen, which permits the photosensitizer to settle down to its ground state and to excite the molecular state of oxygen (triplet oxygen) into a singlet excited state. Two principal mechanisms can be considered for PDT-mediated tumour eradication, namely, direct damage to the tumour cells and stroma The latter has been found to involve micro-vascular shutdown, DNA fragmentation, and generic immune stimulation[2,3]. This study presents data demonstrating that multilayer zinc oxide nanowires that are conjugated with protoporphyrin1X (Pp1X) will emit white light after irradiation using UV light (λ = 240 nm). This phenomenon results in excitation of PpIX and liberation of reactive oxygen species, e.g., production of singlet oxygen/free radical formation, which leads to cell death. There was no strong evidence that ROS kills the cell[9]

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Results

Conclusion