RETRACTED: Aqueous aluminium–copper hybrid nanofluid flow past a sinusoidal cylinder considering three-dimensional magnetic field and slip boundary condition

Abstract

We analyzed the problem of the steady general three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics stagnation-point boundary layer flow past an impermeable wavy circular cylinder considering aluminium–copper/water hybrid nanofluid as the working fluid and velocity slip as well as temperature jump boundary conditions. The induced magnetic field effect was also taken into account. The analytical procedure is based on the model that implements the nanoparticles and base fluid masses to formulate the equivalent volume fraction, equivalent density, and equivalent specific heat at constant pressure which is then substituted in the chosen single-phase thermophysical properties. Then, the foregoing relations were used in basic governing PDEs (partial differential equations), according to Tiwari–Das nanofluid scheme. It is worth mentioning that the bvp4c code from MATLAB software that is a famous finite-difference method has been exploited for solving the final similarity ODEs (ordinary differential equations). Results demonstrate that the developed mass-based model can be successfully employed with great confidence to study the flow and heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid in other similar problems. Moreover, it is proved that the nodal stagnation points possess higher values of skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt numbers relative to those for the saddle stagnation points. Besides, enhancing the second nanoparticle's mass leads to increase in all parameters of engineering interest including skin friction coefficients along x and y directions as well as local Nusselt number.