Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of this research is to analyze retinal venous pressure (RVP) of both eyes of patients who visited a Swiss ophthalmic practice and compare values among the following groups of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), Flammer syndrome (FS), and metabolic syndrome (MetS).MethodsRVP was measured in both eyes of all patients who visited a Swiss ophthalmic practice during March 2016 till November 2016, and the results were analyzed retrospectively. All measurements were performed by one physician by means of ophthalmodynamometry. Ophthalmodynamometry is done by applying an increasing pressure on the eye via a contact lens. The minimum force required to induce a venous pulsation is called ophthalmodynamometric force (ODF). The RVP is defined and calculated as the sum of ODF and intraocular pressure (IOP) [RVP = ODF + IOP].ResultsSpontaneous central retinal venous pulsation was present in the majority of the patients (192 out of 357, 53.8%). Spontaneous RVP rate was significantly negatively correlated with age (r = −0.348, p < 0.001). A significantly increased RVP was noted in FS, MetS, and POAG patients, particularly those POAG patients who also suffered from FS (p < 0.005).ConclusionsAlthough most patients had a spontaneous RVP, those with FS, POAG, and MetS had increased RVP. Measuring RVP by means of ophthalmodynamometry provides predictive information about certain ocular diseases and aids in instituting adequate preventive measures.
Highlights
The purpose of this research is to analyze retinal venous pressure (RVP) of both eyes of patients who visited a Swiss ophthalmic practice and compare values among the following groups of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), Flammer syndrome (FS), and metabolic syndrome (MetS)
A regulation of circulation that is not properly adapted to local needs is defined as vascular dysregulation [10,11,12,13], which when associated with a cluster of additional vascular and non-vascular signs and symptoms is referred to as the Flammer syndrome [2, 3, 14]
IOPm mean of the right and left eye intraocular pressure, RVPm mean of the right and left eye retinal venous pressure, ODFm mean of the right and left eye ophthalmodynamometric force, FS Flammer syndrome, MetS metabolic syndrome, POAG primary open-angle glaucoma, POAG/FS+ primary open-angle glaucoma and Flammer syndrome, M male, F female a Kruskal-Wallis test between the five subgroups
Summary
The purpose of this research is to analyze retinal venous pressure (RVP) of both eyes of patients who visited a Swiss ophthalmic practice and compare values among the following groups of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), Flammer syndrome (FS), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods RVP was measured in both eyes of all patients who visited a Swiss ophthalmic practice during March 2016 till November 2016, and the results were analyzed retrospectively. Measurements of retinal venous pressure by means of ophthalmodynamometry have previously been reported for a variety of ocular diseases related to microcirculatory disturbances [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The relation between OPP and blood flow in the eye, is complex due to the phenomenon of autoregulation [8]. A regulation of circulation that is not properly adapted to local needs is defined as vascular dysregulation [10,11,12,13], which when associated with a cluster of additional vascular and non-vascular signs and symptoms is referred to as the Flammer syndrome [2, 3, 14]
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