Abstract
Aim: We aimed to compare the quantity and quality of aging retinal organoids generated by applying three distinct differentiation protocols for human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC).
Highlights
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) in vitro miniature organs, which contain multiple organ-specific cell types and a comparable spatial organization to the native tissue[1]
The same group developed methods to differentiate murine and later human embryonic stem cells to optic cups[12,13]. These advances served as a cornerstone for other groups to develop human induced pluripotent stem cell derived retinal organoid differentiation protocols[14,15,16]
Retinal organoids provide many exciting new avenues of research, in part filling a void created by the incongruencies between animal models and human diseases. human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived retinal organoids contain the main cell types native to the retina: rod and cone photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, and Müller cells
Summary
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) in vitro miniature organs, which contain multiple organ-specific cell types and a comparable spatial organization to the native tissue[1]. Organoid research was pioneered in 2005 when the Sasai group developed a protocol to selectively differentiate murine embryonic stem cells to neurons[2,11]. The same group developed methods to differentiate murine and later human embryonic stem cells to optic cups[12,13]. These advances served as a cornerstone for other groups to develop human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived retinal organoid differentiation protocols[14,15,16]. HiPSC derived retinal organoids contain the main cell types native to the retina: rod and cone photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, and Müller cells. Retinal organoids have been used to model inherited retinal dystrophies[19,20,21,22,23], it seems that organoids may be best suited to model severe phenotypes with an early disease onset
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