Retinal function in relation to improved glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes

Abstract

To study long-term changes in retinal function in response to sustained glycaemia reduction in participants with type 1 diabetes. Prospective study using objective measures of retinal function in 17 participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus and minimal to moderate retinopathy who switched from conventional subcutaneous injection to continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin (CSII). Glycated haemoglobin HbA(1c) gradually decreased from 9.1% at baseline before CSII to 7.4% after 1 year on CSII. Glycaemia was markedly reduced within 1 week after initiation of CSII and remained stable thereafter. Dark adaptation and retinal electroretinographic function at 1, 4 and 16 weeks after initiation of CSII were comparable with baseline values, whereas a significant improvement in rod photoreceptor dark adaptation and dark-adapted b-wave amplitudes were seen after 52 weeks (time to rod-cone break -25% [p < 0.0001], time to a standardised rod intercept -13% [p < 0.0001], dark-adapted rod b-wave full-field amplitude +15% [p = 0.0125], standard combined rod-cone b-wave amplitude +8% [p = 0.049]). No detectable change was observed in cone adaptation, electroretinographic cone function or retinopathy. After initiation of CSII, the retinal visual pathway of the rods improved with a delay of more than 4 months, over a time scale comparable with the duration of the diabetic retinopathy early worsening response to sustained glycaemia reduction. This indicates that glycaemia has a long-term effect on the disposition of functional capacity in the retinal visual pathway of rod photoreceptors, the cells that appear to be driving the development of diabetic retinopathy.