Retinal Drug Delivery: Rethinking Outcomes for the Efficient Replication of Retinal Behavior

Eliana B Souto,Raquel Da Ana,Marta Espina,Elena Sanchez-Lopez,Joana R Campos,Marco V Chaud,Maria L Garcia,Fernando Batain,Selma B Souto,Thais F R Alves,Patrícia Severino,Kessi M M Crescencio

doi:10.3390/app10124258

Abstract

The retina is a highly organized structure that is considered to be "an approachable part of the brain." It is attracting the interest of development scientists, as it provides a model neurovascular system. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing significant development in the knowledge of the mechanisms that induce the shape of the retinal vascular system, as well as knowledge of disease processes that lead to retina degeneration. Knowledge and understanding of how our vision works are crucial to creating a hardware-adaptive computational model that can replicate retinal behavior. The neuronal system is nonlinear and very intricate. It is thus instrumental to have a clear view of the neurophysiological and neuroanatomic processes and to take into account the underlying principles that govern the process of hardware transformation to produce an appropriate model that can be mapped to a physical device. The mechanistic and integrated computational models have enormous potential toward helping to understand disease mechanisms and to explain the associations identified in large model-free data sets. The approach used is modulated and based on different models of drug administration, including the geometry of the eye. This work aimed to review the recently used mathematical models to map a directed retinal network.

Highlights

IntroductionThe eye can be compartmentalized into a fibrous tunic layer (sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva), vascular tunic or uvea (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and an inner coat (retina) [1,2,3].The retina, which is made of photoreceptor cells, is a light-sensitive layer of nervous tissue, and is known to be one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body
The eye can be compartmentalized into a fibrous tunic layer, vascular tunic or uvea, and an inner coat [1,2,3].The retina, which is made of photoreceptor cells, is a light-sensitive layer of nervous tissue, and is known to be one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body
There is a a large amount of development of mechanistic and integrated computational models that provide frameworks to facilitate the understanding of disease mechanisms and to explain patterns identified in model-free data sets

Summary

Introduction

The eye can be compartmentalized into a fibrous tunic layer (sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva), vascular tunic or uvea (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and an inner coat (retina) [1,2,3].The retina, which is made of photoreceptor cells, is a light-sensitive layer of nervous tissue, and is known to be one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), located on the external side of the PR cells, is primarily responsible for supporting the primary visual functions, such as the phagocytosis of the external segments of the PR, retinal recycling (vitamin A), absorption of scattered light, and bidirectional transepithelial transport between the retina and the choriocapillaris, choroid, and the systemic blood circulation [8,9]. These cells have specialized functions in supporting cells and tissue homeostasis, as well as maintaining a healthy retina

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