Reticular access to triptycene-based cationic metal–organic frameworks for protein-bound uremic toxins sorption

Abstract

P-cresyl sulfate (pCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS), a class of protein-bound uremic toxins, cannot be effectively cleared through hemodialysis treatment due to their strong binding to human serum albumin, posing a potential risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal failure. Herein, we designed and prepared novel cationic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), denoted as ZJU-X18, for the efficient removal of pCS and IS. A triptycene-based rigid trigonal prismatic ligand was utilized to link with Ag+ to yield a rare 4-fold interpenetrated MOF with abundant hydrophobic channels, affording high sorption capacity, excellent selectivity, and decent recyclability toward uremic toxins. Furthermore, the anion-exchange process between ZJU-X18 and uremic toxins is verified through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study provides a proactive example of the rational design of cationic MOFs from the perspective of reticular chemistry and demonstrates their promising application in uremia treatment.