Abstract
With the development of distributed energy resources (DERs), the surplus energy trading in the demand side market has become popular. There are currently several ways to accommodate the produced surplus energy of DERs. Mainstream approaches include Virtual Power Plant (VPP), Power-to-Grid (P2G) and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading. Which method is the most suitable in the current market environment is a significant problem to be solved. Therefore,in this paper, the demand-side market operation is modeled as an asymmetric evolutionary game (AEG) where the game participants are partially rational. The whole AEG is divided into two levels. The choice of trading approach is modeled in the upper level of the game. The DER configuration strategy is considered the lower-level decision in the bi-level AEG. Since the DERs are mostly small-scalegenerators, the unit commitment is not considered during operation. A bi-level iterative algorithm based on system dynamics is proposed to calculate the evolutionary stable strategy of AEG. The demand side markets with and without carbon taxes are simulated in the case study section. It can be concluded that VPP trading form can maximize the revenue of energy prosumers, while P2P trading form can minimize the total emission costs.
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