Abstract
Modern ports are expected to play a key role in the transportation chain, being transformed into smart grids and smart energy hubs where electric energy needs predominate. Cold ironing (CI), also known as onshore power supply (OPS) or alternate marine power, is indeed one the most energy-demanding applications. The power demand of a berthed ship depends on its characteristics and may vary from hundreds of kW, for container ships, to tens of MW, in the case of cruise ships.
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