Abstract
Conventional longitudinal aging studies with long intervals between testing occasions (e.g., years) confound retest effects (or practice effects) and within‐person, age‐related change in measures of cognitive functioning. Retest effects refer to the improvement, or reduction in decline, of subsequent measures due to factors such as global or specific improvements in test‐taking behavior, the remembering of study items, or the reduction in anxiety associated with the testing situation. Three main methodological approaches have been proposed to account for retest effects in estimates of age‐related change: control groups design, statistic control, and measurement burst design. The three methods can successfully distinguish retest effects from aging effects but they differ in viability when it comes to estimating retest effects when separated from aging as a within‐person process.
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