Abstract
To examine the effects of weak intermolecular interactions on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and chromatographic separation, we synthesized some novel stationary phases with a heavy atom effect layer by immobilizing halogenated aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups onto the surface of a hydrophilic base polymer. Using SPE cartridges packed with the functionalized materials, we found that the heavy atom stationary phases could selectively retain halophenols in organic solvents, such as 1-propanol which blocks the hydrogen bonding, or acetonitrile which blocks the π-π interaction. The extraction efficiency of the materials toward the halophenols depended on the dipole moments of phenoxy groups present as functional groups. On the other hand, the extraction efficiency of solutes toward the functional group depended on their molar refractions, i.e., induced dipole moments. The retention of the solutes to the stationary phase ultimately depended on not only strong intermolecular interactions, but also the effects of weak interactions such as the dispersion force.
Highlights
The basic concept of solid-phase extraction (SPE) was established in the 1960s, and the development and use of SPE expanded tremendously during the 1980s
The SPE efficiency of phenolic solutes was evaluated with the same amount of the synthesized adsorbents independently of the contents of functional groups
It was assumed that the retentions of halophenols by the halogenated phenoxy adsorbents were mainly induced by hydrogen bonds, and the selectivity for halophenols was governed by the dispersion force of heavy atoms
Summary
The basic concept of solid-phase extraction (SPE) was established in the 1960s, and the development and use of SPE expanded tremendously during the 1980s. Classical adsorbents for SPE, such as C18 and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, can pre-concentrate a wide variety of hydrophobic solutes in aqueous samples These adsorbents are not highly selective—they tend to retain other matrix compounds that can interfere with the desired analysis. Two major approaches have been carried out in order to recognize the differences between delicate structures involved in the production of MIPs or antibodies Both of these stationary phases have some drawbacks. The multifunctional adsorbent retains only compounds whose binding is governed by both strong and weak intermolecular interactions With this approach adsorbents that can retain the hydrophilic solutes in the organic solvent and the ionic solutes in the electrolyte might be developed. We attempted to design new stationary phases for SPE by immobilizing halogenated phenoxy groups on a hydrophilic polymer surface The selectivity of these adsorbents for halogenated organics was found to depend on dispersion forces
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