Abstract
Nanofiltration is a pressure-driven membrane separation process that falls in between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration in its separation characteristics. In general, even low molecular weight organics (> 200 g/mol) and multivalent ions are highly retained, while monovalent ions are retained to a smaller extent. Nanofiltration can be used as well for the production of drinking water, as for the treatment of process and waste waters. The mechanism for separation can be explained in terms of charge effects and/or size effects. Experimental evidence is given for several salt solutions and saccharide solutions. Three commercial nanofiltration membranes are used. The results are interpreted qualitatively by the Donnan exclusion mechanism, which takes the charge effects into account. The steric hindrance pore model is used to determine the membrane pore radii. To predict the results for multicomponent mixtures quantitatively the extended Nernst-Planck model could be used.
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