Abstract
Incomplete bladder emptying and urinary retention can cause a number of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms including voiding symptoms (hesitancy, slow stream, incomplete emptying), storage symptoms (frequency, nocturia, incontinence, urgency), and urinary tract infections. In more severe cases of urinary retention and elevated bladder storage pressures, upper urinary tract decompensation can result. To properly understand the myriad of disorders that can cause urinary retention, it is important to have an understanding of the anatomy and voiding physiology. In essence, bladder-emptying disorders can result from bladder outlet obstruction, detrusor underactivity, or a combination of both.
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