Retardation of 4-Hydroxy-2-Transnonenal (HNE), a Toxic Aldehyde Formation by Antioxidants in Heat-Treated Corn Oil at Frying Temperature

Wei Jin,A Saari Csallany,Vijai K S Shukla,D W Shoeman

doi:10.4236/fns.2020.117048

Abstract

The antioxidative properties of four antioxidants such as rosemary extracts (RE), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), ascorbyl palmitate (AP), citric acid (CA) and their mixtures were investigated on the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-transnonenal (HNE) in commercial corn oil heated at 185°C for up to 6 hours. Among the antioxidants 100 ppm RE and a mixture of 200 ppm tertiary butylated hydroquinone (TBHQ) + 100 ppm ascorbyl palmitate (AP) + 50 ppm citric acid (CA) exhibited excellent antioxidative activity, as determined by the thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBARS) assay, measuring the formations of the secondary lipid oxidation products and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), measuring the formation of the toxic α, β-unsaturated hydroxyaldehyde HNE after heat treatment of corn oil at 185°C up to 6 hours. TBHQ, AP and CA alone did not show much protective properties. The synergistic effects of TBHQ + AP + CA mixture shown to reduce the formation of HNE after 6 hours heat-treated corn oil by 27%. RE 100 ppm was also found to be a very effective antioxidant, reducing the formation of HNE after 6 hours heat-treated corn oil in the same condition by 29%.

Highlights

The antioxidative properties of four antioxidants such as rosemary extracts (RE), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), ascorbyl palmitate (AP), citric acid (CA) and their mixtures were investigated on the formation of 4-hydroxy-2transnonenal (HNE) in commercial corn oil heated at 185 ̊C for up to 6 hours
To measure the formation of HNE, preliminary experiments were conducted including the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay to measure the formation of all aldehydes and related carbonyl compounds at 185 ̊C frying temperature, up to 6 hours, in the presence and absence of certain antioxidants [33]
The results showed that peroxide value (PV) was 1.70 - 1.76 milliequivalents/1000g corn oil

Summary

Introduction

This polar very reactive aldehyde containing unsaturation between the α and β carbons and has a hydroxyl group on the carbon 4 position. Β-unsaturated hydroxyaldehydes (HHE, HOE, HNE, HDE), the 9 carbon containing HNE was found to be the most reactive and toxic compound [4]-[12]. Its toxicity has been demonstrated in the literature by its reaction to DNA and RNA in low concentrations and related to a number of pathological conditions including inflammatory and degenerative processes such as atherosclerosis, liver damage, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and other diseases [13]-[19]

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