Retained Bullet Removal in Civilian Pelvis and Extremity Gunshot Injuries: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Although gunshot injuries are relatively common, there is little consensus about whether retained bullets or bullet fragments should be removed routinely or only in selected circumstances. We performed a systematic review of the literature to answer the following questions: (1) Is bullet and/or bullet fragment removal from gunshot injuries to the pelvis or extremities routinely indicated? And, if not, (2) what are the selected indications for removal of bullets and/or bullet fragments? A search of the English-language literature on the topic of gunshot injury and bullet removal was performed using the National Library of Medicine and MEDLINE(®) and supplemented by hand searching of bibliographies of included references. Studies were included if they provided clinical data on one or both of our study questions; included studies were evaluated using the levels of evidence rubric. Most studies on the subject were expert opinion (Level V evidence), and these were excluded; one Level III study and seven Level IV studies were included. No studies provided a rationale for routine bullet removal in all cases. The studies identified bullet fragment removal as indicated acutely for those located within a joint, the palm, or the sole. Chronic infection, persistent pain at the bullet site, and lead intoxication were reported as late indications for bullet removal. The evidence base for making clinical recommendations on the topic of bullet and bullet fragment removal after gunshot injury is weak. Level I and II evidence is needed to determine the indications for bullet removal after gunshot injury.