Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a major air pollutant, is a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of various sizes. PM has been demonstrated to cause intracellular inflammation in human keratinocytes, and is associated with various skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, eczema, and skin aging. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with strong antioxidant properties, and its beneficial effects against skin changes due to PM remain elusive. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on PM-induced skin inflammation and attempted to deduce the molecular mechanisms underlying resveratrol’s effects. We found that resveratrol inhibited PM-induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and reactive oxygen species formation in keratinocytes. It also suppressed the subsequent cellular inflammatory response by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Consequentially, resveratrol reduced PM-induced cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 and proinflammatory cytokine expression, including that of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, and interleukin-8, all of which are known to be central mediators of various inflammatory conditions and aging. In conclusion, resveratrol inhibits the PM-induced inflammatory response in human keratinocytes, and we suggest that resveratrol may have potential for preventing air pollution-related skin problems.
Highlights
Air pollution due to rapid industrialization has become a concerning issue worldwide
To determine the cytotoxicity of Particulate matter (PM) and resveratrol in human keratinocytes, the cells were treated with various concentrations of PM (0, 1.25 μg/mL, 3 μg/mL, 6 μg/mL, 12 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, or 200 μg/mL) and resveratrol (0, 0.01 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, or 100 μM) for 24 h
No significant decreases in cell viability were observed at low PM concentrations up to 25 μg/mL compared to that observed in the untreated control (Figure 1)
Summary
Air pollution due to rapid industrialization has become a concerning issue worldwide. Interest in the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) on human health is increasing. Particulate matter (PM) is a major harmful air pollutant, and consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of various sizes [1,2]. Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to PM leads to increased pulmonary inflammation and aggravation of respiratory symptoms [4,5]. As well as acting as a source of ROS, PM can elicit increased ROS generation by exposed cells through an increase of dual oxidase 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity [8,10,11]. Previous studies showed that PM can increase plasma viscosity, acute-phase reactants, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerotic progression, which are responsible for most cardiovascular diseases [12,13]
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