Abstract
Dyskinesia is a serious complication of Parkinson’s disease during levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment. The pathophysiology of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is complex and not fully illuminated. At present, treatment of dyskinesia is quite limited. Recent studies demonstrated neuroinflammation plays an important role in development of LID. Thus, inhibition of neuroinflammation might open a new avenue for LID treatment. Resveratrol (RES) is the most well-known polyphenolic stilbenoid and verified to possess a large variety of biological activities. DA neurotoxicity was assessed via behavior test and DA neuronal quantification. The movement disorders of dyskinesia were detected by the abnormal involuntary movements scores analysis. Effects of RES on glial cells-elicited neuroinflammation were also explored. Data showed that RES attenuated dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA without affecting L-DOPA’s anti-parkinsonian effects. Furthermore, RES generated neuroprotection against long term treatment of L-DOPA-induced DA neuronal damage. Meanwhile, RES reduced protein expression of dyskinesia molecular markers, ΔFOS B and ERK, in the striatum. Also, there was a strong negative correlation between DA system damage and ΔFOS B level in the striatum. In addition, RES inhibited microglia and astroglia activation in substantia nigra and subsequent inflammatory responses in the striatum during L-DOPA treatment. RES alleviates dyskinesia induced by L-DOPA and these beneficial effects are closely associated with protection against DA neuronal damage and inhibition of glial cells-mediated neuroinflammatory reactions.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world with an incidence of about 1%-2% [1, 2]
Rat Dyskinesia behavior dysfunction induced by L-DOPA was evaluated by Abnormal Involuntary Movements (AIMs) scores 7, 21, 42 and 84 days after L-DOPA application
To evaluate whether RES affected L-DOPA’s anti-PD efficacy, rat motor performance was analyzed by stepping test
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world with an incidence of about 1%-2% [1, 2]. The etiology of PD is closely related to environmental and genetic factors, which eventually leads to loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the subsequent DA neurotransmitter depletion in the striatum [3]. Patients exhibit a range of clinical symptoms, such as slow movement, postural instability, resting tremor and muscle stiffness. DA replacement therapy based on levodopa (L-DOPA) is still a gold standard and widely used prescription therapy in clinic [4]. L-DOPA mainly effectively improve the motor symptoms of PD. There is no evidence that L-DOPA therapy could prevent or delay
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