Results from a natural experiment: initial neighbourhood investments do not change objectively-assessed physical activity, psychological distress or perceptions of the neighbourhood

Tamara Dubowitz,Jennifer C Sloan,Gerald P Hunter,Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar,Rebecca L Collins,Alvin K Nugroho,Andrea S Richardson,Robin Beckman,Natalie Colabianchi

doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0793-6

Abstract

BackgroundFew studies have assessed objectively measured physical activity (PA), active transportation, psychological distress and neighborhood perceptions among residents of a neighborhood before and after substantial improvements in its physical environment. Also, most research-to-date has employed study designs subject to neighborhood selection, which may introduce bias in reported findings.We built upon a previously enrolled cohort of households from two low-income predominantly African American Pittsburgh neighborhoods, matched on socio-demographic composition including race/ethnicity, income and education. One of the two neighborhoods received substantial neighborhood investments over the course of this study including, but not limited to public housing development and greenspace/landscaping. We implemented a natural experiment using matched intervention and control neighborhoods and conducted pre-post assessments among the cohort. Our comprehensive assessments included accelerometry-based PA, active transportation, psychological distress and perceptions of the neighborhood, with assessments conducted both prior to and following the neighborhood changes. In 2013, we collected data from 1003 neighborhood participants and in 2016, we re-interviewed 676 of those participants. We conducted an intent to treat analysis, with a difference-in-difference estimator using attrition weighting to account for nonresponse between 2013 and 2016. In addition, we derived an individual-level indicator of exposure to neighbourhood investment and estimated effect of exposure to investment on the same set of outcomes using covariate-adjusted models.ResultsWe observed no statistically significant differences in activity, psychological distress, satisfaction with one’s neighborhood as a place to live or any of the other measures we observed prior to and after the neighborhood investments between the intervention and control neighborhoods or those exposed vs not exposed to investments.ConclusionsUsing this rigorous study design, we observed no significant changes in the intervention neighborhood above and beyond secular trends present in the control neighborhood. Although neighborhood investment may have other benefits, we failed to see improvement in PA, psychological distress or related outcomes in the low-income African American neighborhoods in our study. This may be an indication that improvements in the physical environment may not directly translate into improvements in residents’ physical activity or health outcomes without additional individual-level interventions. It is also possible that these investments were not dramatic enough to spur change within the three year period. Additional studies employing similar design with other cohorts in other settings are needed to confirm these results.Trial registrationTrial Registration is not applicable since we did not prospectively assign individuals to a health-related intervention.

Highlights

Few studies have assessed objectively measured physical activity (PA), active transportation, psychological distress and neighborhood perceptions among residents of a neighborhood before and after substantial improvements in its physical environment
Using this rigorous study design, we observed no significant changes in the intervention neighborhood above and beyond secular trends present in the control neighborhood
Neighborhood investment may have other benefits, we failed to see improvement in PA, psychological distress or related outcomes in the low-income African American neighborhoods in our study. This may be an indication that improvements in the physical environment may not directly translate into improvements in residents’ physical activity or health outcomes without additional individual-level interventions

Summary

Introduction

Few studies have assessed objectively measured physical activity (PA), active transportation, psychological distress and neighborhood perceptions among residents of a neighborhood before and after substantial improvements in its physical environment. Neighbourhood aesthetics, safety, and access to and quality of services (childcare, education, retail, etc.) may translate into resident health. This has been brought to light in at least a decade’s worth of public health literature [1,2,3,4,5]. Increasing evidence suggests that there are associations between neighbourhood features that are conducive to PA (e.g., parks, trails, PA facilities, safety) and engagement in PA [6,7,8,9,10] Such neighbourhood resources, sometimes referred to as the Physical Activity Environment, have been shown to be less plentiful in neighbourhoods with low socioeconomic status residents and/or a high percentage of racial/ethnic minorities [11, 12]. Investing in the neighbourhood environment, in low income or racially/ethnically isolated neighbourhoods, has been deemed a promising strategy to potentially improve resident health, including physical activity, mental health and related outcomes

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