Abstract
The results of many-year investigation of some features of apple ontogenesis in connection with breeding and propagation of new cultivars are briefly given. On the ground of 60-year work on apple breeding the author of this paper have attempted to retrace the changes in breeding goals and methods and record the most urgent trends in breeding at present and the nearest future. The contemporary and rapidly increasing demands for new cultivars are noted. The topical character of the development of the cultivars with improved biochemical fruit composition, high resistance and immunity to scab and powdery mildew and also varieties with complex resistance to the cardinal diseases and pests is shown. On the ground of the wide experimental material the author shows the prospects of the development of triploid cultivars which are notable for more regular fruit-bearing, high fruit marketability and higher autogamy. The development of triploid and scab immune apple cultivars is of particular interest. The urgency of columnar apple creation for super intensive orchards is noted. The experience in the hybrid pool establishing for the purpose of selecting highly winter hardy intercalary stocks of different vigour is presented. The prospects of the development of true-rooted apple trees and also autogamous cultivars with the use of apetalous plants are noted.
Highlights
It is advisable that an originator should know and consider ontogenesis features of a crop.For many years we have studied the features of the individual apple development, which allowed revealing a number of regularities in the apple ontogenesis (Sedov, 1966, 1968).1
It has been revealed that age diversity in the trunk height is observed even in apple seedlings of 24...34-years old, which is expressed in a presence of juvenile characters in one-year-old seedlings when cuttings from a lower part of a crown, coppice shoots and from different root zones of annual seedlings were used as a grafting material
We have not found any differences in a degree of readiness for fruiting in apple plants of root origin obtained from root zones of seedlings different according to the remoteness from the root neck ( 0...20 sm; 20...40 sm; ... 140...160 sm)
Summary
It is advisable that an originator should know and consider ontogenesis features of a crop. Plants with typical cultivar traits usually grow when using stem or root cuttings from one-year seedlings and suckers from cultivar trees as grafting material These plants do not differ from control plants (grown from common tree cuttings) in their entry into fruit-bearing, yield and marketable qualities of fruit. Plant obtaining from adventitious buds of cultivar trees (trees of root origin and partly form suckers) leads to the identification of those spontaneous clonal variations, which occurred in initial plants earlier For this reason, the use of suckers as cuttings for budding or grafting should be avoided in the nursery. Vigorov’s modification) and pectins were determined by carbazole method (Programme and methods of breeding of fruit, berry and nut crops, 1980, 1995; Methods of biochemical investigation of plants, 1987)
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