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Abstract
Aqueous ethanolic solvents rearrange Pd catalysts facilely toward a common state irrespective of starting Pd dispersion or support material.
Highlights
The use of solvents is unquestionably an important issue for the chemical industry
Four different types of 5 wt% Pd catalysts were examined, including 3 commercial samples procured from Johnson Matthey PLC, supported on γ-alumina (Pd/Al2O3, JM325), anatase titania (Pd/TiO2) and charcoal (Pd/C, JM490), as well as a sample of Pd/Al2O3 prepared at Imperial College (IC) London
Analysis of the images revealed that the metal-oxide (Al2O3 and TiO2) supported Pd catalysts have similar mean particle sizes centred around 4 nm diameter, with varying degrees of distribution
Summary
The use of solvents is unquestionably an important issue for the chemical industry. The demand for ‘greener’ solvents has been further escalated by increasing environmental and regulatory pressures. The pharmaceutical industry, in particular, has made substantial investment in defining the green credentials of solvents in their search for more sustainable solutions,[1,2,3,4,5,6] resulting in the emergence of several solvent selection guides in recent years. We have recently shown that an aqueous solution of ethanol (50% w/v) can be effective in the reduction of Al2O3 supported nano-size PdO under relatively mild conditions,[17] this process is subject to a considerable size dependence: PdO nanoparticles of less than ca. The reduced Pd particles are significantly contaminated with interstitial hydrogen, which is known to interfere with catalytic processes and adsorption of reactants to surfaces.[18,19,20,21]
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