Abstract
Abstract It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful to success, than to initiate a new order of things. For the reformer has enemies in all those who profit by the old order, and only lukewarm defenders in all those who profit by the new order, this lukewarmness arising partly from fear of their adversaries, who have the laws in their favour; and partly from the incredulity of mankind, who do not truly believe in anything new until they have actual experience of it. (Machiavelli) *A preliminary version of this article was presented at the 11th European AIR Forum in Trier, August 1989. We want to thank Peter Maassen and Frans van Vught for their helpful comments and suggestions.
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