Abstract
Deterrence by punishment aims to prevent a crime; however, it is not always successful. Restrictive deterrence explains the continuous criminal activities that occur despite deterrence; offenders enact various strategies to avoid detection, which is more typical among drug offenders given that they have a high frequency of offending and exposure to punishment. This systematic review provides an in-depth understanding of restrictive deterrence of drug offenders. Two prominent themes, “restrictive deterrence strategy” and “deterrability and restrictive deterrence,” depict drug offenders' restrictive deterrence and effectively fit within the certainty–severity framework of punishment. Future studies should investigate restrictive deterrence strategies in the after-arrest context, the facilitative effect of perception of risk on strategy development, and facilitators or inhibitors affecting the diffusion of restrictive deterrence strategies.
Highlights
Researchers, and theorists in criminology have investigated punishment and its deterrent effect
Punishment aims to deter people from crime altogether, it has a chance of encouraging people to commit crimes in insidious ways, which echoes the concept of restrictive deterrence (Gibbs, 1975, p. 33)
As Gibbs (1975, p. 32) defined, absolute deterrence denotes “an individual has refrained throughout life from a particular type of criminal act because in whole or in part he or she perceived some risk of someone suffering a punishment as a response to the crime.”
Summary
Researchers, and theorists in criminology have investigated punishment and its deterrent effect. 32) defined, absolute deterrence denotes “an individual has refrained throughout life from a particular type of criminal act because in whole or in part he or she perceived some risk of someone suffering a punishment as a response to the crime.”. Restrictive deterrence denotes “the curtailment of a certain type of criminal activity by an individual during some period because in whole or in part the curtailment is perceived by the individual as reducing the risk that someone will be punished as a response to the activity” Restrictive deterrence is only applicable to those who have committed a particular crime at least once
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