Restriction of movement and a negative effect during imprinting

Abstract

This experiment shows that avoidance reactions of chicks to a stationary model may be overcome if that model is in motion. The measure of approach or avoidance to an imprinting object was the time taken to cross an alleyway to that object. A stationary model of a black crow acted to “freeze” the chicks on the far side of the alleyway. The same model in motion, and a red balloon attracted the chicks towards them, and then they remained close to the models. Tn the absence of a model of any kind the chicks crossed the alleyway faster than in the presence of a stationary crow, and slower than in the presence of the moving models; they then ranged freely throughout the alleyway. Approach and avoidance are regarded as two separate processes in competition for a single mechanism of expression. If they are aroused together either one or the other will occur.