Restricted Water Intake and Hydration with Fructose-Containing Beverages during Infancy Predispose to Aggravate an Acute Renal Ischemic Insult in Adolescent Rats.

Fernando E García-Arroyo,Horacio Osorio-Alonso,H Emmanuel Pérez-Estévez,Itzel Muñoz-Jiménez,Guillermo Ceballos,Eduardo Meaney,Virgilia Soto,Nayelli Nájera,Edilia Tapia,L Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada,Guillermo Gonzaga,Mauro S Oliveira

doi:10.1155/2020/4281802

Fernando E García-Arroyo, Horacio Osorio-Alonso + Show 10 more

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4281802

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Abstract

We aimed to investigate the effects of chronic fluid restriction and hydration with a sweetened beverage (SB) in rats from weaning until adolescence, in a posterior acute kidney injury (AKI) event induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). We followed 5 groups of weaning rats: control group (C); two groups with 22 h/day fluid restriction, a group hydrated for two hours with water (-W) and a group hydrated with SB; one group receiving SB ad libitum all day (+SB); and one group in which water consumption was increased using a gel diet. The rats that reached adolescence were submitted to I/R. Fluid restriction and/or SB hydration induced mild renal alterations that were significantly accentuated in the -SB group and resulted in worse outcomes after I/R-induced AKI that resulted in a catastrophic fall in creatinine clearance and diffuse acute tubular necrosis. In summary, low tap water intakes, as well as SB intake in infancy, prompt kidney worse outcomes in a later event of AKI during adolescence and both insults magnify kidney damage. Studies on hydration habits in children are recommended to disclose the potentially harmful effects that those behavioral patterns might carry to future renal health.

Highlights

In many countries, water intake in children and adults does not meet the recommendations of adequate daily fluid intake [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
We followed 5 groups of rats (n = 6 each): control group (C); two groups with 22 h/day fluid restriction, one was hydrated for two hours with water (-W) and the other was hydrated with a sweetened beverage (-SB) containing a mixture of glucose (3.5%) and fructose (7.5%), which corresponds to the combination used in some popular soft drink brands [37]; in addition, a group that received SB ad libitum all day (+SB) and a group in which water intake was increased using a gel diet (4 mL of water/gr of food) plus liquid regular water (+W) [38]
Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations (NO2/NO3) were not different among the groups (Figure 1(d)); urinary excretion showed a different pattern: water load increased urine excretion, but SB drank ad libitum significantly reduced NO2/NO3 urine excretion; fluid restriction further reduced the excretion of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, and such effect was accentuated in those rats that in addition were hydrated with SB (Figure 1(e))

Summary

Introduction

Water intake in children and adults does not meet the recommendations of adequate daily fluid intake [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. There is a high prevalence of inadequate total fluid intake. Such an effect has been associated with low water intake [13,14,15,16]. Urinary osmolality is a biomarker that reflects fluid intake, and a high value has been associated with the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) [20]. Dehydration augments the risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) [21] that is enhanced by exercising in the heat [22] and the intake of SB [23]

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