Abstract
Globally, forest-savanna mosaic landscapes are of significant conservation importance but have been widely impacted by human land-use. We studied how restoration, through cessation of long-term cattle grazing impacts (i) forest regeneration; (ii) forest understory structure and composition; and (iii) populations and diversity of large mammals and nocturnal birds, within naturally patchy gallery forests in the Beni Savannas of Bolivia. Comparing grazed and restored sites, we assessed the abundance and composition of tree functional types at different life stages (seedlings, saplings and adults), with focus on the region’s key palm species Attalea princeps (motacú). Additionally, we surveyed habitat structure and composition in the shrub and ground-layer, and monitored occurrence and encounter rates of large mammals and nocturnal birds along dusk and evening transects. We found evidence of lower recruitment of motacú palms on the grazed site and lower potential for natural motacú regeneration. Principal Components Analysis revealed forests on grazed sites had simpler, more open shrub-layers and altered ground-layer structure and composition including increased bare ground. Mammal species richness was greater on the restored site, and there were more declining, globally threatened and site-unique species. Species richness was similar for nocturnal birds within forests on both the grazed and restored site, but nearly all species tended to be encountered more frequently on the restored site. Our results suggest cattle negatively impact forest regeneration and alter the structure and composition of the shrub and ground layer with potential consequences for the diversity and abundance of wildlife. Our study represents one of only a handful completed in the Beni region of Bolivia to date. The Beni is currently under pressure from widespread, largely unregulated cattle ranching. Our results thus provide vital evidence to support development of restoration and conservation policy, and its integration with rangeland management in this threatened and critically understudied region.
Highlights
Occurring forest patches and gallery forests, like those found in savanna-mosaic landscapes, can have considerable importance for wildlife
Adult broadleaf tree density was greater than motacuon the grazed site (Table 1b)
Despite differences in canopy composition, seedling density and composition was similar between sites (Table 1b), but over four times more saplings per ha-1 were recorded on the restored site (Table 1b)
Summary
Occurring forest patches and gallery forests (hereafter: Natural Forest Patches; NFPs), like those found in savanna-mosaic landscapes, can have considerable importance for wildlife. Savanna-mosaic landscapes have been widely and disproportionately affected by anthropogenic habitat degradation due to their importance for agriculture [12]. Today, these are considered some of the most rapidly disappearing and threatened habitats on earth [13, 14]. Given the ecological importance of NFPs, it’s vital we better understand the impacts of ranching on their ecology and wildlife, including documenting how they recover following its alleviation. This will help inform much-needed conservation policy and strategies for ecosystem restoration and rewilding within these understudied regions [19]
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