Abstract
Polydiacetylene (PDA) inserted in films or in vesicles has received increasing attention due to its property to undergo a blue-to-red colorimetric transition along with a change from non-fluorescent to fluorescent upon application of various stimuli. In this review paper, the principle for the detection of various microorganisms (bacteria, directly detected or detected through the emitted toxins or through their DNA, and viruses) and of antibacterial and antiviral peptides based on these responsive PDA vesicles are detailed. The analytical performances obtained, when vesicles are in suspension or immobilized, are given and compared to those of the responsive vesicles mainly based on the vesicle encapsulation method. Many future challenges are then discussed.
Highlights
The demand for new sensing technologies that can serve as alerts for bacterial contamination has significantly increased in recent years because of incidents of food poisoning, bioterrorism alerts, and anthrax scares
The published papers dealing with the direct detection of bacteria that use mixed PDA vesicles are based on optical detection: colorimetric detection due to blue–red transition of PDA under mechanical stress or fluorescence detection in the presence of a fluorophore grafted on a diacetylenic acid chain (Table 1)
This review presents the state-of-the-art of mixed PDA based vesicles formulated to mimic cell membranes and how they constitute actual nanosensors for the direct detection of bacteria or viruses, of bacterial toxins and of antibacterial and antiviral peptides, through direct blue–red transition or through the passive release of encapsulated probes
Summary
The demand for new sensing technologies that can serve as alerts for bacterial contamination has significantly increased in recent years because of incidents of food poisoning, bioterrorism alerts, and anthrax scares. This review paper reports the main recent works that present PDA vesicle-based assays, involving this phenomenon, for the detection of recent works that present. PDA vesicle-based assays, involving this phenomenon, for the detection bacteria, bacterial toxins and antibiotic peptides. ThePDA direct detection of bacteria based the interaction antibodyvesicles is reported, and on both specific interaction with antibodyand aptamer-functionalized vesicles is reported, and both principles of detection are compared in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Reviews of synthetic vesicles are mainly focused on vesicle encapsulation the sensitivity of sandwich immunoassays [4,5]. This aspect will not be includedmethods .
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