Responsibility and Risk-Sharing in Climate Adaptation: a Case Study of Bushfire Risk in Australia

Island communities are the targets for a wide range of interventions designed to help them adapt to climate change. A growing body of research explores the equity and justice implications of adaptation policies and programmes, revealing they often exacerbate, rather than alleviate, inequality within at-risk communities. This paper pushes beyond existing understandings of climate justice, which prioritise its distributive and procedural aspects. Through household surveys, interviews and participant observation, the paper presents a case study of a major adaptation project in a small island community in the Philippines, paying particular attention to its equity implications at the local level. It describes how local politics and power relations distorted the well-intentioned aims of the project and resulted in the project exacerbating, rather than alleviating, pre-existing inequality. Climate change adaptation is a deeply political process that is easily subverted by the interests of the powerful. To mitigate the influence of power and politics in future climate adaptation projects, we present an expanded multidimensional framework for assessing adaptative justice that incorporates the neglected aspects of recognition and structure.

ABSTRACTIn recent years, much emphasis has been placed in the literature on understanding the dynamics by which public value is created and destroyed, by analyzing how cultural values contribute to these dynamics. This paper aims to explore the mediation role of corruption perception and citizen trust in explaining the relationship between cultural values and public value destruction or public dis/value. The results of this work should explain why similar public initiatives could generate or destroy public value. Partial least square‐based structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) was used to empirically examine the mediation effect of the perception of corruption and citizen trust in explaining the relationship between cultural values and public value destruction. The authors consider the public initiatives to fight the pandemic in EU countries as these measures determine the dyadic tension between the public and private constellation. Findings show that power distance and indulgence determine public dis/value, positively and negatively, respectively. Furthermore, the corruption perception and citizen trust mediate the relationship between cultural values and public dis/value. This work determines a further step for research by identifying the role that cultural dimensions play in the generation of public value. More specifically, governments must consider their own cultural values when they implement initiatives that can impact private interests. In this case, similar initiatives can create public value in some contexts and destroy it in others.

In Canada and elsewhere, there is an ascendancy of a whole-of-society approach that centres shared responsibility for wildfire management. This article engages the debates on the rise of shared responsibility for wildfire management to argue that this context demands a renewed research focus on understanding how the public allocates responsibility for wildfire management. We illustrate this argument through a case study of public engagement with wildfire risk and shared responsibility in Whistler, British Columbia, western Canada. Our case study draws on evidence from a quantitative survey administered to 1311 participants in the spring and summer of 2024. The study reveals a near-universal concern about wildfires among the participants and a high level of risk perception. This is consistent with community climate and wildfire reports and plans. This level of concern is driving a high level of mitigation activity completion among participants, even though the level of preparedness is mixed. Our study found a marked pattern of responsibility allocation across the phases of wildfire management. Participants put the municipal government at the forefront of mitigation, preparedness, and response. The provincial government was ranked as most responsible for recovery. Homeowner responsibility declined as one moves from mitigation and preparedness through to response and recovery. Private actors, such as insurance, have greater responsibility in the recovery phase. Multivariate General Linear Models (GLMs) show that how respondents allocate responsibility for various aspects of wildfire management is influenced by home ownership, prior wildfire experience, perceived preparedness, and commitment to bearing the costs of FireSmart assessment. We conclude that a sustained research commitment is needed to further elucidate the dynamics of public expectations and attitudes in the context of shared responsibility for wildfire management.

Disaster management and the need for a reinstated social contract of shared responsibility

Problem, research strategy, and findings Patterns of change in urban surfaces have implications for equity, health, and environmental quality in future cities and for their adaptability to climate change. Relatively little detailed research has been done on the role of land use policies—particularly the recent generation of infill and climate adaptation policies—in shaping urban surfaces and related environmental systems. I used a novel approach integrating three methods—land use change models, urban form assessments, and policy-based scenarios—to evaluate patterns of change. I applied these methods to a case study simulation of future development in Denver (CO) and used a stormwater management example to evaluate the capacity of the local management system to treat expansion of the city’s hardscape. I found that the proportion of impervious cover in the city is projected to increase substantially, possibly to levels discussed in the literature as severely affected. A major social commitment to adaptation policies such as green infrastructure would be necessary to mitigate projected hardscape increases. Dispersed development strategies generate substantially more hardscape than geographically targeted development, which suggests that there is also untapped potential for climate adaptation in general land use policy. I share common limitations of scenario-based methods. Takeaway for practice Changes in the composition of urban surfaces in the next 2 decades could have significant environmental effects. In this research, I developed and tested methods that bridge infrastructure and land use planning practices—the public works and community planning silos in local governments—to evaluate these processes and effects. These methods should be useful in many cities.

Land-use abuse presents a significant challenge to sustainable development in Nigeria, with far-reaching implications for environmental sustainability, economic growth, and social equity. In view of the above premise, this paper critically examines the role of good governance and policy frameworks in monitoring and managing land use abuses across Nigeria. The study explores the multifaceted nature of land use challenges, including urban sprawl, deforestation, unregulated mining, and indiscriminate land conversion for industrial and residential purposes, which exacerbate environmental degradation and socio-economic disparities. By adopting a mixed-methods approach, this paper draws on case studies and policy reviews to evaluate the effectiveness of existing governance mechanisms and land use policies. Particular attention was given to the interplay between transparency, accountability, and community participation in addressing land use abuse. The analysis highlights the gaps in policy enforcement, institutional coordination, and resource allocation that hinder effective land use monitoring and management. This research then provides actionable insights for policymakers, land professionals, and other stakeholders, contributing to the discourse on sustainable land management in Nigeria and offering a blueprint for addressing similar challenges in other developing countries. The specific objectives of this study are to: (a) examine existing land policies and governance structures to assess their effectiveness in addressing land use abuse and promoting sustainable management, (b) investigate the relationship between governance quality and land use outcomes, focusing on transparency, accountability, public participation, and institutional efficiency, (c) identify the technological, institutional, and policy innovations that can improve land use monitoring and management in Nigeria, and (d) provide a framework for multi-stakeholder collaboration in mitigating land use abuse and ensuring equitable land access. Key Findings includes: i. Governance and Institutional Weaknesses: Weak enforcement of regulations, overlapping responsibilities among government agencies, and pervasive corruption are major barriers to effective land management. Institutional capacity is often undermined by inadequate funding and a lack of technical expertise. ii. Policy Gaps: The Land Use Act of 1978, which centralizes land ownership under state governors, has led to bureaucratic inefficiencies and inequities in land allocation. It lacks provisions for modern urban planning challenges and environmental sustainability. iii. Urban and Rural Disparities: In urban areas like Lagos and Abuja, rapid urbanization drives unauthorized developments, while rural regions face issues such as land grabbing, deforestation, and illegal mining. iv. Technological Shortfalls: While Geographic Information System (GIS) and satellite technologies are increasingly used, their adoption remains limited due to high costs, lack of expertise, and inadequate infrastructure. v. Community Exclusion: Limited stakeholder participation and public awareness contribute to the disconnect between policy objectives and ground realities. The study concludes that good governance, characterized by clear accountability mechanisms, stakeholder collaboration, and the integration of digital technologies, is essential for addressing land use abuse in Nigeria. Recommendations includes: i. Policy Overhaul: Amend the Land Use Act of 1978 to incorporate decentralized land governance, stronger environmental safeguards, and clearer guidelines for equitable land allocation. ii. Technological Integration: Expand the use of GIS, drones, and AI-driven monitoring tools to improve real-time data collection, enhance transparency, and streamline enforcement mechanisms. iii. Institutional Reforms: Strengthen land governance institutions through increased funding, training, and capacity building. Establish a centralized, digital land registry to reduce conflicts and improve efficiency. iv. Public Engagement: Foster inclusive decision-making by involving community stakeholders in land governance processes. Conduct awareness campaigns to educate citizens on land rights and environmental conservation. iv. Inter-agency Collaboration: Harmonize the roles of government agencies involved in land management to eliminate overlaps and foster coordinated action. iv. Sustainable Financing: Develop financing models to support technological adoption and capacity-building programs, including public-private partnerships and international aid.

Incidence rates of type 1 diabetes are increasing faster in Latinx youth than other ethnic groups, yet this population remains understudied. The current study (1) tested differences in division of diabetes-related responsibility (adolescent alone, mother alone, and shared) across Latinx and non-Latinx White families (N = 118 mother-adolescent dyads, 56 = Latinx dyads, Mage=13.24 years), and (2) examined associations between diabetes responsibility and adolescent health (HbA1c, diabetes self-management behaviors, and depressive symptoms). Latina mothers reported more shared and less adolescent responsibility than non-Latinx White mothers, but there were no ethnic differences in adolescent reports of responsibility. Independent of demographic and illness-related characteristics, mother- and adolescent-reports of shared responsibility were associated with higher self-management behaviors, while individual responsibility (adolescent or mother alone) was generally associated with lower self-management behaviors. Shared responsibility associations with higher mother-reported self-management behaviors occurred among Latinx families, but not non-Latinx White families. Shared and individual responsibility were not associated with HbA1c or depressive symptoms. The findings suggest the importance of shared responsibility for diabetes management in adolescence, particularly in Latinx families.

IntroductionAs a visual artist it seems to me that the ideal relationship between government and cultural producers is a coalitional one; an “alliance for combined action of distinct parties, persons or states without permanent incorporation into one body” (Oxford English Dictionary). The word “coalition”, however, is entirely absent from the document that forms the basis of the analysis of this paper, Creating Value: An Arts and Culture Sector Policy Framework 2010-2014, from the Government of Western Australia’s Department of Culture and the Arts. Released in March 2010, Creating Value has been introduced by the DCA’s Deputy Director General Jacqui Allen as the “first arts policy in Australia to adopt a public value approach” (DCA, New Policy Framework) whereby "the Department of Culture and the Arts is charged with delivering public value to the Western Australian community through our partnership with the culture and arts sector." As indicated in Allen’s press release, this document achieves its aim of providing “clarity in [the DCA’s] relationships with the culture and arts sector”. As an artist, cultural worker, or someone generally interested in the cultural wellbeing of Australian communities it would seem timely to consider just how this new and influential policy framework envisages the specific working relationships that make up the “partnerships across the culture and arts sector, government, the public and private sector” (DCA, Creating Value 2).In this brief paper it is my intention to interrogate the idea of “coalition” in relation to the evidence provided in the DCA’s Policy Framework, Creating Value, in order to examine the extent to which this State’s involvement in culture and arts may indeed be considered coalitional. In approaching the notion of the coalitional I take the position that there are two key elements to this idea, the first being the notion of an “alliance for combined action” and the second being that the distinct parties involved are not incorporated into one body. What is difficult, at this intersection between the strategic advances of governance and the more organic development of culture, is to distinguish between levels at which the interests of both parties in a coalition or partnership are served by the alliance. As I will argue later in this paper, there is an important distinction to be made between working under temporary contract to specifications (in which one party’s design is realised through a primarily economic exchange with those providing the requisite goods and services) and the kind of negotiated relationship between means and ends that is required to support the genuine development of culture. The question is whether the artist (or other cultural producer), receiving funding to produce cultural work according to “public value” criteria, is able to develop culture or merely able to reproduce an understanding of culture given by the funding brief and assessment panel? It seems to me that significant cultural development is only possible where the public value of the outcomes of cultural production is subject to continuous negotiation and debate – surely it is in the coalitional outcomes (the alliance of distinct parties for combined action) of such discussion that a meaningful identification with culture occurs?In the following discussion around Creating Value my approach is to focus upon some aspects of the policy framework that provide particular evidence of the kind of “combined action” of government and the culture and arts sector that the DCA is proposing in this document. When seen against a more cultural understanding of the “action” of making art and the dynamic processes of producing and identifying with culture, it becomes clear why it may be considered that the DCA and many Western Australian cultural producers may not be engaged in the same project at all, let alone be in effective partnership or coalition.“Public Value” and the Specifications of Cultural ProductionEliseo Vivas observes that in the process of creatively applying symbolic order and understanding to the physical world, humanity acquires culture and an ability to better exploit the world. He also notes that in this process “of constituting the world, [human-kind’s] merely physiological needs are complicated by new needs” (129); new systems of cultural values that assume no less importance in human activity than our more basic bodily needs. Vivas pertinently states, however, that more often than not in human society within a complex and existing symbolic order these cultural needs simply become an aspect of our practical functioning (an extension of survival), and we tend to inhibit our capacity to constitute the world through creative and symbolic endeavours. This depiction of cultural production as an activity that is constitutive of the world is particularly significant in relation to the DCA’s Creating Value. Despite noting that “it is through creative people that we better understand our world” (DCA, Creating Value 8), which echoes with Vivas’s contention that “the poet is needed to give the practical man his stage” (Vivas 129) the policy framework seems rather to exemplify the inhibiting of culturally constitutive activities (production) in favour of “practical functioning” (reproduction).What can be observed particularly well in the DCA’s policy framework is how effectively ideas associated with creative and cultural production have been co-opted to the cause of “practical functioning”. Looking for instance at the notion of “creativity” within Creating Value we discover that “creativity is the driving force of the arts and culture sector” (DCA, Creating Value 5) and that “creativity” is one of the “priority public value principles” for the policy framework, along with “engagement”. Reading more closely one understands that creativity is seen as producing the “distinctive” and the “unique”, a brand that is recognised as Western Australian and which, through such “recognition” and “significance” and through its “enriching” and “transforming” capacities (7), is seen to “add to a sense of place and belonging” (11) for the WA community. This in turn makes WA a “better place to live, work and visit” and ultimately delivers “economic and social outcomes that encourage and support growth” (2). The DCA’s strategies appear to have little to do with a dynamic conception of culture in which new worlds and systems of values may be constituted, but is focussed upon the optimisation and rationalisation of economic outcomes under the guise of “public value”.My contention is that, as difficult as the notion may be to entertain, a department of culture and the arts ought to understand that creative and cultural production are part of a dynamic system that continually engages in a process of tentatively constituting the world. The arts and culture sector undeniably has an important role to play in the formation of and identification with a national cultural identity, which can manifest in international prestige, tourist dollars and other forms of economic growth (Abbing 246; Chaney 166-67). Western Australian culture is not, however, as the DCA seems to perceive, a static and monumental edifice that acts as a singular landmark for Western Australia in local, national and international contexts. The DCA’s arts and culture policy framework talks of its strategies “reflecting the DCA’s vision, values and strategic objectives” (DCA, Creating Value 13) and in a number of places suggests that it will “respond to changing needs” (2, 5, 8). Surely an approach that was interested in the specific value that creative and cultural production has to offer to the community would recognise that it is not in a singular vision but in the world creatively renegotiated and reconstituted by different people and groups of people that such a value and identification is to be found? Furthermore, if Vivas is right, then the support and promotion of culture ought to be as much about cultural needs not yet anticipated, for cultural products whose significance is not currently recognised, as it is about being responsive and catering to the demands of those whom the DCA identifies as the present consumers and stake-holders in WA arts and culture. What is missing from the partnership, as conceived by the DCA between itself and the culture and arts sector, is an adequate mechanism by which “public value” is recognised as a system of constantly changing values in which the culture and arts sector play an important role in developing, extending and negotiating through their creative and cultural production.As Jürgen Habermas suggests, to approach culture strategically in terms of outcomes and deployment is to compromise the internal development that actually provides arts and cultural work with its meaning and significance (Habermas 71). Culture becomes not a distinctive composite of differing and changing world views linked by the “living” process of their “nature-like” coexistence and development, but a monolithic identity or brand with representative products (no matter how diverse those products may be).This policy framework document would suggest not a coalitional “alliance for combined action” but more accurately a process of putting the various strategic goals and cultural aspirations (with “public value” specifications) of the DCA up for tender in much the same way that another Government department might seek tenders for the construction of a bridge or building. It is perhaps telling that Creating Value is described as a “road map to help the Department achieve its vision” (DCA, Creating Value 2).“Engagement” and the Use Value of FreedomCreating Value states that “there is a complex relationship between creativity and engagement, which are the principles driving the delivery of public value outcomes” (DCA, Creating Value 5). The policy framework goes on to suggest that the conception of “engagement” that inf

This dissertation provides a practice-based understanding of responsible algorithmization in the critical government domain of policing. The rise of algorithmic systems is transforming our society. Algorithms, as explored in this dissertation, are not merely technical tools but complex systems deeply embedded in social, material and organizational contexts. I refer to algorithmic systems to denote both the technological artefact as well as the wider sociomaterial system surrounding it. As organizations adopt algorithmic systems, organizational routines are fundamentally transformed. This process, known as algorithmization, has the potential to enhance efficiency and decision-making but also carries inherent risks due to algorithms’ subjectivity and the potential to perpetuate existing biases. These concerns are particularly pressing in policing, where decisions made by algorithms can have profound impact on individuals and communities. To navigate these challenges, it is crucial to implement these systems in a responsible manner by putting public values—such as fairness, transparency, and privacy— centre stage. I refer to this as responsible algorithmization. This dissertation explores responsible algorithmization within the Netherlands Police, offering a practice-based understanding of how algorithmic systems are designed and used in real-world policing. In a domain where algorithmic decisions can become a matter of life and death, safeguarding public values is essential. In a total of four ethnographic studies to research the design and use of algorithms at the Netherlands Police. With regards to the design of algorithmic systems, the ethnographic work focuses on data professionals within the Netherlands Police, who create these systems, as well as the data they work with. Data professionals are motivated to safeguard public values, but struggle to translate these into concrete design practices. Police reports, which comprise an important data source, are shaped by street-level officers, organizational dynamics, and practical concerns, complicating responsible design. The research further examines the challenges that arise during the use of algorithmic systems. It examines practices of working with a specific algorithmic camera system (MONOcam), as well as the organizational side of implementing responsible algorithmization practices. Placing public values center stage during design is no guarantee for responsible use, as values may be renegotiated. Responsible algorithmization is not just about the design phase but requires an ongoing organizational effort to address these challenges through a combination of traditional bureaucratic responses, long-term organizational changes, and short-term pragmatic solutions. The dissertation highlights that responsible algorithmization is a fundamentally human thing. Actors across an organization influence how algorithms work in practice, and how public values can be safeguarded. Responsibility must therefore be shared. The dissertation shows that responsible algorithmization is an ongoing, evolving process that requires continuous improvement and adaptation. It requires organizational commitment and effort. Rather than a one-size-fits-all solution, organizations should work to embed responsible algorithmization into their culture, fostering collaboration and flexibility. By viewing algorithmic systems as dynamic and interconnected, this research provides valuable insights for public sector organizations seeking to integrate algorithms responsibly, ensuring these technologies contribute positively society.

Ecological management in a cultural landscape

The major challenge facing big cities in developing nations is allocating residential land to the urban poor, given the constraints on land availability. This article investigates how and why the management of Waqf land, a particular type of land tenure in urban informal settlements, transforms. The analysis draws on principles of responsible land management and focuses on the specific case of Waqf land owned by the Kauman Grand Mosque in Semarang City, Indonesia. With a questionnaire distributed among tenants of the Waqf land, it was possible to retrieve data on experiences with the management of the Waqf land. The questionnaire and subsequent analysis used a scoring sheet based on the 8R framework of responsible land management. The findings indicate that the management of Waqf land in the study area changed and improved over time, evolving from an informal to a more formal structure. The responses additionally demonstrate a gradual transformation whereby, gradually, nearly all aspects of the 8R framework of responsible land management are considered positively. Nevertheless, the aspects of reflexivity and retraceability still score low, as access to documentation is still limited, and evaluations of how effective the management of land is are infrequent. The study concludes that despite being an unconventional form of land management, the Waqf land tenure regime appears to secure informal types of urban tenure, especially in areas with limited land availability. Moreover, the Waqf land institution supports strong and cooperative relationships within the community.

Pacific Islands), presented empirical research findings on adaptation policies and projects on the ground. The aim of this event was to discuss and develop decolonizing and re-politicizing perspectives on climate change adaptation. It was based on critical approaches to climate change such as political ecology, environmental history, feminist approaches, knowledge politics, and postcolonial indigenous perspectives, among others. As the workshop organizers explained, development projects are often driven by ideas of vulnerability to hazards, ecological resilience, and social innovation, with the aim to operationalize concepts of adaptation to climate change However, these concepts and approaches are also used and presented in such a way that depoliticize the wide array of complex processes of climate change adaptation on the ground. Some of these predominant approaches are regarded as insufficient and "inadequate for capturing peoples' multifaceted, dynamic livelihoods" (Klepp & Chaves, 2016). I presented the paper titled "Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives in Fishing Communities in the Gulf of Mexico" which discusses some of the challenges Mexican government officials seeking to implement adaptation projects in fishing communities in that region may face, considering the existence of local contentious socioeconomic, political and environmental issues. In sum, discussions in this workshop challenged predominant climate change approaches, echoing criticisms about "the various equity and human rights implications of using global frameworks that are redefining problems and identities, and how in this process local inhabitants' perspectives and voices are being misrepresented" (Vazquez, 2014).

Experts' perspectives on shared responsibility for speed management: A thematic analysis informed by systems thinking.

Part 1 Introduction and Overview 1. Why this book and what can you find? 2. Background: Challenges of adaptation and guiding pinciples for good adaptation 3. Adaptation research - Where do we stand? 4. Adaptation policy and practice - Where do we stand? Part 2: How to prepare the ground for adaptation? 5 Explore potential climate change impacts and vulnerabilities and identify priority concerns 5.1 Regional vulnerbility assessment (including information on mapping) Mark Zebisch 5.2 Practical Guidance for vulnerability assessments at the regional and local scale (BalticClimate) Mattias Hjerpe 5.3 Identify priority concerns with a risk assessment for the Swiss NAS Roland Hohmann 6. Initiate adaptation, ensure commitment and management 6.1 The role of governments in adaptation: a comparison across Europe Reinhard Steurer and Anja Bauer 6.2 Building commitment for adaptation - the right place at the right time? Julian Wright 6.3 Initiating and sustaining adaption in the private sector Magnus Benzie and Oskar Wallgren 7. Build knowledge and awareness 7.1 Making climate change scenarios useful for regional adaptation plans in France Christian Page 7.2 Adaptation communication with business actors and the general public at metropolitan level - experiences from northwestern Germany Claudia Korner and Andreas Lieberum 7.3 Awareness on climate change adaptation in Denmark - how to address a target group Louise Grondahl 8. Identify and cooperate with relevant stakeholders 8.1 Participation process for the development of national adaptation strategies: the Austrian example Andrea Prutsch and Therese Stickler 8.2 Stakeholder Involvement in Rural Areas - Examples from Brandenburg Andrea Knierim 8.3 ANCONA IS GETTING READY! How the City of Ancona is building its resilient profile throughout a participatory process Marco Cardinaletti Part 3: How to plan for adaption 9. Explore a wide spectrum of adaptaion options 9.1 Identifying and sorting adaptaion options Inke Schauser 9.2 Adaptation: what could it look like? Examples from the adaptation inspiration book Marjolein Pijnappels 9.3 Practical experiences with Adaptation Wizard 10. Prioritise adaptation options Megan Gawith 10.1 Prioritisation of adaptation options for The Netherlands: a multi-criteria analysis Ekko C. van Ierland, Karianne de Bruin and Rob B. Dellink 10.2 Economic Appraisal Paul Watkiss and Alistair Hunt 10.3 Prioritising actions using adaptation tipping points and adapation pathways M. Haasnott, J.C.J. Kwadijk and N. Asselman 11. Work with uncertainties 11.1 An adaptive approach to conservation management of Bosherton Lakes SAC in Wales Clive Walmsley and Tristan Hatton-Ellis 11.2 Robust decision making - Managing uncertainties in adapting water resource systems to a changing climate in England and Wales Suraje Dessai and Geoff J. Darch 11.3 Communication of uncertainties - recommendations from social science research Torsten Grothmann Part 4: How to implement adaptation and review success? 12 Avoid maladaptation 12.1 Climate change opportunities and sustainability Rob Swart and Marjoelein Pijnappels 12.2 Combining climate change mitigation and adaptation: green roofs in Basel, Switzerland Aleksandra Kazmierczak 12.3 A White Decay of Winter Tourism in Europe? Carmen de Jong 13 Modify existing policies, structures and processes 13.1 Climate change fitness of spatial planning in the Alpine space Marco Putz and Sylvia Kruse 13.2 Climate proofing of EU policies Sabine McCallum and Stephane Isoard 13.3 World's second northenmost captial region adapts to climate change - the Helsinki metropolitan adaptation strategy Lasse Peltonen, Leena Kopperoinen and Susanna Kankaanpaa 14 Monitor and evaluate systematically 14.1 Asking the right questions: monitoring and evaluating adaptation Patrick Pringle 14.2 Adaptation indicators Jelle van Minnen, Mike Harley, Kaj van der Sandt and Willem Ligtvoet 14.3 French adaptation policy: the monitoring approach for the first adaptation Bertrand Reysset Part 5: State of the art outisde Europe 15. Adaptation experiences in other industrialized countries and developing countries 15.1 The State of the Art in Adaptation Science, Policy and Practice in the United States Richard H. Moss, Thomas J. Wilbanks and Sherry B. Wright 15.2 Doing it: getting science into Australian adaptation policy S. M. Howden and R. A. Nelson 15.3 Wise adaptation to climate change: Japan's case Makoto Tamura, Kazuya Yasuhara, Nobuo Shirai and Mitsuru Tanaka 15.4 Developing countries Kelly Levin 15.5 What are lessons learned for developing countries? A reflection on the transferability of adaptation knowledge Britta Horstmann 15.6 Lessons leanred and differences with Europe Part 6: Lessons learned and further needs for adaptation research, policy and practice 16. What we know - Lessons learnt from practical cases 16.1 How to realize 'good practice' in adaptation? 16.2 How to make adaptation happen? 17. What we don't know - Needs for future adaptation research, policy and practice

Due to the associated fire risk, the wildland–urban interface (WUI) has drawn the attention of researchers and managers from a range of backgrounds. From a land management point of view, it is important to identify the WUI to determine areas to prioritise for fire risk prevention. It is also important to know the fire risk mitigation measures available to select the most appropriate for each specific context. In this systematic review, definitions of the WUI were investigated and physical mitigation measures for reducing the risk of fire were examined from a land management perspective. The PRISMA 2020 Statement was applied to records published until 31 December 2022 and retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and other research engines. A total of 162 publications from scientific journals and the grey literature were scrutinised and selected for analysis. Only publications providing an original definition of the WUI or proposing physical measures to reduce fire risk at the interface were retained, while those relating to emergency management and social perception were not considered. The risk of bias was reduced by internal cross-assessment by the research team. Definitions of the WUI (n = 40 publications) changed according to the research objective, varying broadly in identification of the anthropogenic and the wildland components of the interface. Terminology varied according to the definition, and the term wildland–human interface (WHI) was found to be more comprehensive than WUI. Methodological definitions of the interface ranged from using aggregated data through to identification of the buildings at risk in the interface with considerable precision. Five categories of physical fire risk mitigation measures (n = 128 publications) were identified: clearance distances, landscaping, wildland fuel management, land planning, and buildings design and materials. The most effective measures were those applied at early stages of urban development, and maintenance of assets and vegetation is crucial for preparedness. This review represents an analysis of scientific evidence on which land managers can base their actions to reduce the fire hazard risk in the WUI. The number of studies investigating the WUI is considerable, but experimental studies and quantitative results are scarce, and better communication and coordination among research groups and land management agencies is advisable. This systematic review was not registered.