Responses to changes in Ca2+ supply in two Mediterranean evergreens, Phillyrea latifolia and Pistacia lentiscus, during salinity stress and subsequent relief.

Abstract

Changes in root-zone Ca(2+) concentration affect a plant's performance under high salinity, an issue poorly investigated for Mediterranean xerophytes, which may suffer from transient root-zone salinity stress in calcareous soils. It was hypothesized that high-Ca(2+) supply may affect differentially the response to salinity stress of species differing in their strategy of Na(+) allocation at organ level. Phillyrea latifolia and Pistacia lentiscus, which have been reported to greatly differ for Na(+) uptake and transport rates to the leaves, were studied. Methods In plants exposed to 0 mM or 200 mM NaCl and supplied with 2.0 mM or 8.0 mM Ca(2+), under 100 % solar irradiance, measurements were conducted of (a) gas exchange, PSII photochemistry and plant growth; (b) water and ionic relations; (c) the activity of superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation; and (d) the concentration of individual polyphenols. Gas exchange and plant growth were also estimated during a period of relief from salinity stress. Key Results The performance of Pistacia lentiscus decreased to a significantly smaller degree than that of Phillyrea latifolia because of high salinity. Ameliorative effects of high-Ca(2+) supply were more evident in Phillyrea latifolia than in Pistacia lentiscus. High-Ca(2+) reduced steeply the Na(+) transport to the leaves in salt-treated Phillyrea latifolia, and allowed a faster recovery of gas exchange and growth rates as compared with low-Ca(2+) plants, during the period of relief from salinity. Salt-induced biochemical adjustments, mostly devoted to counter salt-induced oxidative damage, were greater in Phillyrea latifolia than in Pistacia lentiscus. An increased Ca(2+) : Na(+) ratio may be of greater benefit for Phillyrea latifolia than for Pistacia lentiscus, as in the former, adaptive mechanisms to high root-zone salinity are primarily devoted to restrict the accumulation of potentially toxic ions in sensitive shoot organs.