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Abstract
High-temperature stress degrades the grain quality of rice; nevertheless, the exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) might alleviate the negative effects of high temperatures. In the present study, we investigated the responses of rice grain quality to exogenously applied PGRs under high day temperatures (HDT) and high night temperatures (HNT) under controlled conditions. Four different combinations of ascorbic acid (Vc), alpha-tocopherol (Ve), brassinosteroids (Br), methyl jasmonates (MeJA) and triazoles (Tr) were exogenously applied to two rice cultivars (IR-64 and Huanghuazhan) prior to the high-temperature treatment. A Nothing applied Control (NAC) was included for comparison. The results demonstrated that high-temperature stress was detrimental for grain appearance and milling qualities and that both HDT and HNT reduced the grain length, grain width, grain area, head rice percentage and milled rice percentage but increased the chalkiness percentage and percent area of endosperm chalkiness in both cultivars compared with ambient temperature (AT). Significantly higher grain breakdown, set back, consistence viscosity and gelatinization temperature, and significantly lower peak, trough and final viscosities were observed under high-temperature stress compared with AT. Thus, HNT was more devastating for grain quality than HDT. The exogenous application of PGRs ameliorated the adverse effects of high temperature in both rice cultivars, and Vc+Ve+MejA+Br was the best combination for both cultivars under high temperature stress.
Highlights
Global agriculture has reached a time of crisis
We investigated the responses of rice grain quality to exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGRs) under high day temperatures (HDT) and high night temperatures (HNT) under controlled conditions
The results demonstrated that high-temperature stress was detrimental for grain appearance and milling qualities and that both HDT and HNT reduced the grain length, grain width, grain area, head rice percentage and milled rice percentage but increased the chalkiness percentage and percent area of endosperm chalkiness in both cultivars compared with ambient temperature (AT)
Summary
Global agriculture has reached a time of crisis. The harshness of warmer climates has already been observed in terms of the recurrent incidence of heat stress, and these changes have severely reduced the quality and yield attributes of susceptible crops such as rice. To cope with these changes and identify suitable rice cultivars and different mechanisms to achieve better performance under these conditions requires much effort from the scientific community. An increase of 1°C daily mean minimum temperature for a growing season may lead to a 10% grain yield loss of rice [6]. Similar estimates for wheat showed a reduction of 3–4% in yield for every 1°C increase in temperature above 15°C [7], and declines of 1% in maize yield occur for every day spent above 30°C [8]
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