Abstract
Organisms are always confronted with multiple stressors simultaneously. Combinations of stressors, rather than single stressor, may be more appropriate in evaluating the stress they experience. N. barkeri is one of predatory mite species that are commercialized for controlling spider mites. However, their biological control efficiency was often reduced because of high temperature and desiccation in summer. To understand how to improve the tolerance of N. barkeri to combined heat and desiccation stress, we pre-exposed the adult female of N. barkeri to high temperature, desiccation and high temperature × desiccation stress for acclimation. After proper recovery time, mites were subjected to high temperature × desiccation stress again to detect the acclimation effects. The results are as follows: (1) No decrease in mortality rate were observed under high temperature × desiccation stress after heat acclimation. Instead, it increased significantly with acclimation temperature and time. (2) Dehydration acclimation both at 25 °C and high temperatures reduced mortality rate under high temperature × desiccation stress. Mortality rate was only significantly correlated with the amount of water loss, but not with temperature or water loss rate in acclimation, suggesting the increased tolerance is related to dehydration stress rather than heat stress. Among all acclimations, chronic dehydration at 25 °C, 50% relative humidity were the most effective treatment. This study indicated dehydration acclimation is effective to enhance tolerance of N. barkeri to combined heat and desiccation stress, which can improve the efficiency of biological control under multiple stressors.
Highlights
Terrestrial arthropods and other organisms are confronted with various stressors, such as heat, cold, insecticide, and UV-B [1,2,3,4]
When mites were stressed at 38 ◦ C, 50% relative humidity (RH) for 4 h, 83.7% mites died in control, the mortality rate of all acclimation treatments ranged from 34.3% to 58.4%, increasing in the following order: 25 ◦ C, 50%
When stressed at 38 ◦ C, 50% RH for 6 h, 94.5% mites died in control, the mortality rate of all acclimation treatments ranged from 62.2% to 81.3%, increasing in the following order: 38 ◦ C, 50% RH for 2 h < 41 ◦ C, 50%
Summary
Terrestrial arthropods and other organisms are confronted with various stressors, such as heat, cold, insecticide, and UV-B [1,2,3,4]. Considering that different stressors would affect organisms interactively in various possible ways, combinations of stressors rather than single stressor, may be more important in predicting how organisms react to environment [5]. Two stressors can interactively affect organisms in an additive, antagonistic or synergistic way [6]. Based on meta-analysis of multi-stressor effects on organisms in marine ecosystem, synergistic effect appears to be the most common in multi-stressor studies [7]. This may be the same case with terrestrial arthropods since synergistic interactions of multi-stressors were common among
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