Abstract
Broad-leaved weeds constitute a serious problem in the production of winter legumes, but few selective herbicides controlling these weeds have been registered in Europe. Four field experiments were conducted in 2009/10 and repeated in 2010/11 in Greece to study the response of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) to several rates of the herbicides pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine and flumioxazin applied pre-emergence, as well as imazamox applied post-emergence. Phytotoxicity, crop height, total weight and seed yield were evaluated during the experiments. The results of this study suggest that common vetch, lentil, chickpea and red pea differed in their responses to the herbicides tested. Pendimethalin at 1.30 kg ha-1, S-metolachlor at 0.96 kg ha-1 and flumioxazine at 0.11 kg ha-1 used as pre-emergence applied herbicides provided the least phytotoxicity to legumes. Pendimethalin at 1.98 kg ha-1 and both rates of S-metolachlor plus terbuthylazine provided the greatest common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control. Imazamox at 0.03 to 0.04 kg ha-1 could also be used as early post-emergence applied herbicide in common vetch and red pea without any significant detrimental effect.
Highlights
Weeds constitute a serious problem in the production of winter legumes because they can compete for resources like light, nutrients, water and space, directly influencing legumes yield and standability
Diuron [N’-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-urea] was used as chemical control, because was the sole registered for winter legumes herbicide in Greece until 2009
The weed species with the greatest density, especially in lentil and chickpea, was common lambsquarters emerged in late winter
Summary
Weeds constitute a serious problem in the production of winter legumes because they can compete for resources like light, nutrients, water and space, directly influencing legumes yield and standability. Herbicides of the chloroacetamides (such as metolachlor), dinitroanilines (such as trifluralin and ethalfluralin) or imidazolinones (such as imazethapyr) have been evaluated for possible use in legumes (Friesen & Wall, 1986; Wilson & Miller, 1991; Wall, 1996; Fraser et al, 2003) These herbicides, which are not registered in Europe for legumes, due to the European agri-environmental policy and the reduced interest of the chemical companies for these herbicides, did not control all key weeds or significantly injured legumes. Flumioxazin is an N-phenylphthalimide herbicide, which inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, registered for use in soybean (Glycine max L.) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) (Taylor-Lovell et al, 2001; Senseman, 2007) It has been evaluated for selective weed
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