Response of the interatrial septum to transatrial pressure gradients and its potential for predicting pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: An intraoperative study using transesophageal echocardiography in patients during mechanical ventilation

Abstract

Objectives. We hypothesized that the directional movement of the interatrial septum and its curvature may reflect the pressure relations between the left and right atria.Background. Interventricular septal shape is primarily dependent on the pressure gradient between the left and the right ventricle. No analogous study has carefully evaluated the determinants of interatrial septum shape and motion.Methods. Patients (n = 52) undergoing cardiac or vascular surgery were studied intraoperatively at multiple intervals with transesophageal echocardiography and simultaneous measurement of central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and airway pressure.Results. Overall interatrial septum shape, which usually curved toward the right atrium, changed concordantly with the interatrial pressure gradient (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure-central venous pressure difference). The degree of interatrial septum curvature was also primarily dependent on the interatrial pressure gradient and, to a lesser extent, was affected by changes in left atrial size (F = 130.4 vs. F = 14.1). During passive mechanical expiration, the interatrial pressure gradient, usually positive, often reverses transiently and the interatrial septum momentarily bows toward the left atrium. Midsystolic reversal was seen in 64 of 72 episodes when the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was ≤15 mm Hg but in only 2 of 40 episodes when it was >15 mm Hg (sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.95, positive predictive value = 0.97).Conclusions. These findings suggest that overall interatrial septum shape depends on the pressure gradient between the left and right atria. Midsystolic reversal of the interatrial septum, which probably reflects the increased venous return in the right relative to the left atrium during mechanical expiration, may be a useful indicator of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.