Response of Pelagic Calcifiers (Foraminifera, Thecosomata) to Ocean Acidification During Oligotrophic and Simulated Up-Welling Conditions in the Subtropical North Atlantic Off Gran Canaria

Silke Lischka,Paul Stange,Ulf Riebesell

doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00379

Silke Lischka, Paul Stange + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00379

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Abstract

Planktonic Foraminifera and thecosome pteropods are major producers of calcite and aragonite in the ocean and play an important role for pelagic carbonate flux. The responses of planktonic foraminifers to ocean acidification (OA) are variable among the species tested and so far do not allow for reliable conclusion. Thecosome pteropods respond with reduced calcification and shell dissolution to OA and are considered at high risk especially at high latitudes. The present investigation was part of a large-scale in situ mesocosm experiment in the oligotrophic waters of the eastern subtropical North Atlantic. Over 62 days, we measured the abundance and vertical flux of pelagic foraminifers and thecosome pteropods as part of a natural plankton community over a range of OA scenarios. A bloom phase was initiated by the introduction of deep-water collected from approx. 650 m depth simulating a natural up-welling event. Foraminifers occurred throughout the entire experiment in both the water column and the sediment traps. Pteropods were present only in small numbers and disappeared after the first two weeks of the experiment. No significant CO2 related effects were observed for foraminifers, but cumulative sedimentary flux was reduced at the highest CO2 concentrations. This flux reduction was most likely accompanying an observed flux reduction of particulate organic matter (POM) so that less foraminifers were intercepted and transported downward.

Highlights

The global ocean absorbs yearly about 27% of the anthropogenically emitted CO2 (Rhein et al, 2013; Le Quéré et al, 2015) whereby the seawater chemistry is changed and the pH, the carbonate ion concentration [CO32-] and the saturation states ( ) of the calcium carbonates (CaCO3) calcite and aragonite decline (Zeebe and Wolf-Gladrow, 2001)
In the surrounding Atlantic water, pteropods were always found during the study period (0.7–6%) with a contribution peak on t25 but heteropods were only occasionally identified with very low contributions
General Considerations The occurrence of pteropods and heteropods in the mesocosms was only low and too short to allow for any sound conclusion on possible CO2 effects

Summary

Introduction

The global ocean absorbs yearly about 27% of the anthropogenically emitted CO2 (Rhein et al, 2013; Le Quéré et al, 2015) whereby the seawater chemistry is changed and the pH, the carbonate ion concentration [CO32-] and the saturation states ( ) of the calcium carbonates (CaCO3) calcite (ca) and aragonite (ar) decline (Zeebe and Wolf-Gladrow, 2001). The warm surface waters of the tropics and subtropics will not become aragonite or calcite undersaturated over the range of CO2 concentrations projected for this century (Ciais et al, 2013), in some upwelling regions shoaling aragonite saturation horizons intrude on the depth ranges of calcifying planktonic organisms (Feely et al, 2004)

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