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Abstract
Grazing land ecosystem services including food provision and climate regulation are greatly influenced by soil health. This paper provides a condensed review of studies on the response of three important soil properties related to soil health to grazing land management: water infiltration, carbon (C) sequestration, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Impacts of management strategies that are often used in grazing lands are discussed in this review including vegetation composition, grazing methods, and other factors such as fertilizer use and climatic conditions. In general, proper grazing management such as continuous moderate grazing and rotational/deferred-rotational grazing with low or moderate stocking rates tends to benefit all three soil properties. Water infiltration can usually be increased with full vegetation cover, increased soil C, and aggregate stability, or be decreased with greater soil bulk density. Adoption of highly productive plant species with faster turnover rates can promote soil C sequestration by increasing C input. However, excessive C removal from ecosystems due to overgrazing or improper soil fertilization management results in higher C loss, which can have detrimental effects on soil C sequestration. Proper stocking rate and a balanced manure/fertilizer management was found to be critical for enhancing NUE. Grazing land management sometimes simultaneously influence the three soil properties. Techniques that can increase soil C such as introduction of high productive plant species can often promote water infiltration and soil nitrogen (N). Some other practices such as adoption of N fertilizer may enhance C sequestration while being detrimental to NUE. An integrated management plan for a specific location or farm should be considered carefully to improve soil health as well as ecosystem production. This review provides farmers and policy makers the current state of general knowledge on how health-related soil processes are affected by grazing land management.
Highlights
Grazing lands comprise 3.6 billion ha globally and various management strategies are adopted on these lands to meet the demand for greater productivity and climate resilience [1]
Considering the need for achieving the overall impacts of grazing land management towards improved soil health, we reviewed existing refereed manuscripts investigating the changes in infiltration, C sequestration, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by different grazing land management strategies including the vegetation structures, grazing methods, and other land management approaches in tandem with climatic and soil factors (Table 1)
No restrictions were imposed for article selections on study locations or the year of publication to prepare this review as long as the articles were written in the English language and focused on grazing land management effects on the three soil properties considered in this review
Summary
Grazing lands comprise 3.6 billion ha globally and various management strategies are adopted on these lands to meet the demand for greater productivity and climate resilience [1]. Nitrogen use efficiency is the ability of plants to use available nitrogen (N), which determines the yield per unit of N input and can be affected by grazing land management such as plant species (e.g., [18]), fertilizer management (e.g., [19]), and grazing activities (e.g., [20]) Improper management such as overuse of synthetic fertilizers can increase the cost of production as well as N loss from the ecosystem, which leads to water contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. Considering the need for achieving the overall impacts of grazing land management towards improved soil health, we reviewed existing refereed manuscripts investigating the changes in infiltration, C sequestration, and NUE by different grazing land management strategies including the vegetation structures (e.g., different grass species, legume incorporation, conversion of forest to pastures, afforestation), grazing methods (e.g., grazing exclusion, grazing intensity, rotational grazing), and other land management approaches (e.g., fertilization, irrigation, prescribed fire) in tandem with climatic and soil factors (Table 1). Grazed vs. exclosure Intensity (heavy vs. moderate vs. light grazed) Frequency (continuous vs. rotational grazed)
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