Response of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L., 1758) Larvae to Nursery Odor Cues as Described by a New Set of Behavioral Indexes

Pedro Morais,Pedro Pousão-Ferreira,Vânia Baptista,María P Parra,Maria A Teodósio,Laura Ribeiro

doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00318

Abstract

Temperate marine fish larvae use a series of environmental cues (e.g., olfactory, hearing, visual) to mediate the selection of nursery habitats. However, habitat selection may vary according to individuals' physiological condition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the ability of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L., 1758) larvae to utilize natural odor cues to locate nursery habitats along ontogeny and to examine how it varies with individual's physiological condition. The hypothesis being tested is that S. aurata larvae prefer coastal rocky reefs as nursery areas, but they might use coastal lagoons as nursery grounds—ecosystems known for their productivity—if under starvation conditions, as a compensatory mechanism to avoid slow growth or even death. A choice-chamber experiment was used to investigate the behavioral responses of satiated and starved laboratory-reared S. aurata larvae, along ontogeny (pre-flexion, flexion, post-flexion), to water collected in a coastal artificial rocky reef and a coastal lagoon. The physiological condition of S. aurata larvae was determined by analyzing several biochemical condition indices. Complementarily, a new set of four preference indexes were developed—Choice-Chamber Preference Indexes—and discussed to provide a clear measure of the behavioral changes of a species along ontogeny by balancing all the behavioral choices made during the experimental trials, including the unresponsive behavior. A developmental threshold was identified at 24 days post-hatching, before which insufficient swimming capability disabled responsive behavior. Beyond this threshold, post-flexion larvae preferred rocky coastal water over lagoon water, even if under starvation conditions or poor physiological condition, despite the fact that the unresponsive behavior was largely predominant. S. aurata larvae displayed a cautionary behavioral strategy, so the compensatory mechanisms to ensure metapopulation stability and resilience have to rely on their feeding plasticity and on being a batch-spawning species (i.e., diversified bet-hedging strategy) to compensate the lack of apparent behavioral plasticity.

Highlights

IntroductionThe value of nursery areas relies on a series of components that set their biological relevance, namely those components pertaining to connectivity and population dynamics (connectivity, ontogenic migration, seascape migration), ecological and ecophysiological factors (ecotone effects, ecophysiological factors, food/predation trade-offs, food webs), and resource dynamics (resource availability, ontogenic diet shifts, allochthonous inputs) (Sheaves et al, 2015)
The value of nursery areas relies on a series of components that set their biological relevance, namely those components pertaining to connectivity and population dynamics, ecological and ecophysiological factors, and resource dynamics (Sheaves et al, 2015)
The second advantage, and probably the most important, is that the Preference Index provides a clear measure of the behavioral changes of a species along ontogeny by balancing all the behavioral choices made during the experimental trials, including the unresponsive behavior

Summary

Introduction

The value of nursery areas relies on a series of components that set their biological relevance, namely those components pertaining to connectivity and population dynamics (connectivity, ontogenic migration, seascape migration), ecological and ecophysiological factors (ecotone effects, ecophysiological factors, food/predation trade-offs, food webs), and resource dynamics (resource availability, ontogenic diet shifts, allochthonous inputs) (Sheaves et al, 2015). The Sense Acuity And Behavioral (SAAB) hypothesis was proposed to explain how temperate fish larvae hatched from pelagic eggs in coastal areas find and swim toward estuarine ecosystems, which they will use as nursery grounds (Teodósio et al, 2016). The first premise of this hypothesis postulates that post-flexion larvae rely on their sense acuity to locate estuarine ecosystems by detecting a suite of environmental cues (odor, sound, visual) originated in these ecosystems when they are in coastal or offshore areas (Teodósio et al, 2016). Larvae may swim toward the coast when they are offshore and away from any estuarine cue as a result of an innate behavior (Faillettaz et al, 2015; Teodósio et al, 2016)

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