Abstract
Objective: Both exercise and cold exposure cause physiological stress and they often occur in combination. However, the effects of exercise during severe cold on variation in bone metabolism in humans have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the variations in circulating bone metabolism markers after ice swimming (IS).Methods: Eighty-seven women and men aged 42–84 years old were recruited to perform regular IS activities. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium (Ca2+), total phosphorus (Pi), total magnesium (Mg2+), N-terminal osteocalcin (N-MID), total propeptide of procollagen 1 (TPINP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) were measured 30 min before and 30 min after IS. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed at lumbar spine 1–4 (L1–L4) and femoral neck (FN). The IS habits were obtained from questionnaires and the 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture was calculated using the FRAX® tool with and without a BMD value of the FN.Results: There were significant increases in PTH (median, 40.120–51.540 pg/mL), Ca2+ (median, 2.330–2.400 mmol/L), and Pi (median, 1.100–1.340 mmol/L) and significant decreases in TPINP (median, 38.190–36.610 ng/mL) and β-CTX (median, 0.185–0.171 ng/mL), while there was a trend for increased serum Mg2+ (P = 0.058) but no significant change in N-MID (P = 0.933) after IS in all subjects. The increases in the proportions of cases of hyperparathyroidemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia in those performing IS were statistically significant. The baseline levels and the changes of bone metabolism markers had associations with osteoporosis and bone status, but these may be age and sex dependent. Finally, there were significant correlations among the bone metabolism markers.Conclusion: IS caused significant alterations in bone metabolic markers, specifically, increases in PTH, Ca2+ and Pi should raise concerns about potential cardiovascular health risks in severe cold exercise. Additionally, a divergence between PTH elevation and a decline in bone turnover, which shown a special change of bone metabolism after IS and may suggest potential therapeutic implications of cold exercise in PTH and bone metabolic disorders.
Highlights
Both exercise and cold exposure cause physiological stress and they often occur in combination
There were no differences between the sexes in terms of age, Body mass index (BMI), Ice swimming (IS) habits, and FRAX R predicted probability of hip fracture risk with and without BMD
The women had significantly higher levels of baseline TPINP and the women exhibited a greater decline in TPINP
Summary
Both exercise and cold exposure cause physiological stress and they often occur in combination. At present, established physiological responses to exercise in the cold are mainly confined to the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, immune system, and metabolic system (LaVoy et al, 2011; Carlsen, 2012; Tipton et al, 2017; Valtonen et al, 2018). The identified changes are associated with variations in catecholamines, inflammatory cytokines, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and immunoglobulins in circulation after adaptation to cold exercise (LaVoy et al, 2011; Tipton et al, 2017; Checinska-Maciejewska et al, 2019; Knechtle et al, 2021). It has been established that both exercise and cold exposure can cause changes in bone and mineral metabolism (Vainionpaa et al, 2009; Robbins et al, 2018; Dolan et al, 2020), but the effects of severe cold exercise on variations in bone metabolism in humans have remained elusive
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