Abstract
Headspace solid microextraction (HS-SPME) and GC-MS were used to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cabbage plants infested and uninfested with green peach aphid Myzus persicae. The HS-SPME combined with GC-MS analysis of the volatiles described the differences between the infested and uninfested cabbage. Overall, 28 compounds were detected in infested and uninfested cabbage. Some VOCs released from infested cabbage were greater than uninfested plants and increased the quantity of the composition from infested plants. According to the peak area from the GC-MS analysis, the VOCs from infested cabbage consisted of propane, 2-methoxy, alpha- and beta pinene, myrcene, 1-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-, limonene, decane, gamma-terpinen and heptane, 2,4,4-trimethyl. All these volatiles were higher in the infested cabbage compared with their peak area in the uninfested cabbage. The results of the study using a Y-shape olfactometer revealed that the VOCs produced by infested cabbage attracted Myzus persicae substantially more than uninfested plants or clean air. The percentage of aphid choice was 80% in favor of infested cabbage; 7% were attracted to the clean air choice and uninfested plants. A total of aphids 7% were attracted to clean air. Comparing between infested and uninfested cabbage plants, the aphid was attracted to 63% of the infested cabbage, versus 57% of the uninfested cabbage. The preferences of Aphidus colemani and Aphelinus abdominalis to the infested or uninfested plants with M. persicae and compared with clean air indicated that parasitoids could discriminate the infested cabbage. Both parasitoids significantly responded to the plant odor and were attracted to 86.6% of the infested cabbage plants.
Highlights
Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has a universal distribution, including Australia, and is considered a serious pest that has caused damage to hundreds of agricultural crops in more than 66 families [1,2]
The volume and the variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from infested cabbage were greater than the uninfested plant in some compounds, and the qualitative differences in the composition of the odor from these treated plants consisted of propane, 2-methoxy that was released from uninfested cabbage, which was greater than the VOCs released from infested cabbage, with an average peak area in the uninfested plant of 23.10 compared with the peak area in the infested plant of 7.84
Colemani and A. abdominalis (n = 15 for each replicate and each parasitoid) to the uninfested and infested cabbage plants by 30 individual aphids and 15 individuals per replicate of parasitoid. These results indicated that green peach aphids in cabbage were significantly (Chisquare (χ2 ) = 18.61, df = 1 and p < 0.0005) more attracted to the VOCs released from infested plant (80%) rather than clean air (7%)
Summary
Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has a universal distribution, including Australia, and is considered a serious pest that has caused damage to hundreds of agricultural crops in more than 66 families [1,2]. M. persicae is considered a common pest insect of cruciferous crops, and sucks plant sap, leading to yellowing and curling of plant leaves. The excretion of honeydew by aphids affects plant photosynthesis and encourages fungal growth [4]. Brevicoryne brassicae and green peach aphid M. persicae, which economically damage these crops [5]. Chemical insecticides play a significant role in controlling insects on crop plants. Aphid parasitoids from families such as Braconidae and Aphelinidae are important and can cause a high percentage of mortality on aphids [8,9]. Natural enemies of aphids can reduce the rate of population increase, and the use of wasp parasitoids in biological control of aphids has been successful [10]
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