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Abstract
Abstract. Heterocystous cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form extensive blooms in the Baltic Sea and contribute substantially to the total annual primary production. Moreover, they dispense a large fraction of new nitrogen to the ecosystem when inorganic nitrogen concentration in summer is low. Thus, it is of ecological importance to know how Nodularia will react to future environmental changes, in particular to increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and what consequences there might arise for cycling of organic matter in the Baltic Sea. Here, we determined carbon (C) and dinitrogen (N2) fixation rates, growth, elemental stoichiometry of particulate organic matter and nitrogen turnover in batch cultures of the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena under low (median 315 μatm), mid (median 353 μatm), and high (median 548 μatm) CO2 concentrations. Our results demonstrate an overall stimulating effect of rising pCO2 on C and N2 fixation, as well as on cell growth. An increase in pCO2 during incubation days 0 to 9 resulted in an elevation in growth rate by 84 ± 38% (low vs. high pCO2) and 40 ± 25% (mid vs. high pCO2), as well as in N2 fixation by 93 ± 35% and 38 ± 1%, respectively. C uptake rates showed high standard deviations within treatments and in between sampling days. Nevertheless, C fixation in the high pCO2 treatment was elevated compared to the other two treatments by 97% (high vs. low) and 44% (high vs. mid) at day 0 and day 3, but this effect diminished afterwards. Additionally, elevation in carbon to nitrogen and nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of the particulate biomass formed (POC : POP and PON : POP) was observed at high pCO2. Our findings suggest that rising pCO2 stimulates the growth of heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria, in a similar way as reported for the non-heterocystous diazotroph Trichodesmium. Implications for biogeochemical cycling and food web dynamics, as well as ecological and socio-economical aspects in the Baltic Sea are discussed.
Highlights
In summer, the heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form extensive blooms in the open Baltic Sea with more than 200 mg m−3 wet weight (Wasmund, 1997), along with cyanobacteria of the genus Aphanizomenon
It is of ecological importance to know how Nodularia will react to future environmental changes, in particular to increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and what consequences there might arise for cycling of organic matter in the Baltic Sea
There were no significant differences in concentrations of inorganic nutrients between pressure of CO2 (pCO2) treatments (Supplement Table S2)
Summary
The heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia form extensive blooms in the open Baltic Sea with more than 200 mg m−3 wet weight (Wasmund, 1997), along with cyanobacteria of the genus Aphanizomenon. These blooms are usually promoted by low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in the surface waters (e.g. Niemistoet al., 1989; Nausch et al, 2008; Raateoja et al, 2011), exhibiting an average annually primary production rate of ∼ 21 mol C m−2 yr−1 in the Baltic Proper (Wasmund et al, 2001b).
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