Abstract
Seismic waves caused by earthquakes can lead to the movement of fresh groundwater and saltwater in coastal aquifers. The groundwater level, temperature, and electrical conductivity in coastal monitoring wells on the volcanic island of Jeju all responded to the 2011 M 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. As a result of the earthquake, groundwater temperature and electrical conductivity patterns demonstrated freshwater outflow and saltwater inflow through the monitoring wells in multi-layered coastal aquifers. The seismicity also affected the behavior of ocean tides occurring at depth along the multi-layered coastal aquifers. These observations prove that the use of multi-depth systems for monitoring groundwater level, temperature, and electrical conductivity are more effective than single monitoring systems for understanding the exact behavior of multi-layered aquifers as well as efficiently detecting earthquake-induced or anthropogenic impacts on aquifers in coastal, karstic, or volcanic areas.
Highlights
Groundwater can be affected by numerous factors, including rainfall, earth tides, ocean tides, atmospheric pressure changes, pumping from surrounding wells, and earthquakes
When seismic waves pass through coastal regions, measurement at a single depth is insufficient for detecting inflows and outflows of freshwater, as well as the saltwater inflow through wells in multi-layered aquifers
This study characterized changes in groundwater flow, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature as groundwater level changes were recorded in monitoring wells in multi-layered coastal aquifers on Jeju Island caused by the
Summary
Groundwater can be affected by numerous factors, including rainfall, earth tides, ocean tides, atmospheric pressure changes, pumping from surrounding wells, and earthquakes. Around the epicenter of an earthquake, coseismic static strain change can trigger a rise or decline in the groundwater level through compression or expansion of aquifers [1,2,3]. When seismic waves pass, changes in the pore pressure cause flow into and out of wells from aquifers by dynamic stress (seismic waves). The oscillatory changes in the groundwater level only occur when the aquifer has high enough transmissivity, permeability, etc. Groundwater level oscillation patterns due to seismic impact are directly linked to aquifer properties (transmissivity, storativity, and others) [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]
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