Abstract
This study determined the association between respiratory symptoms and death from respiratory causes over a period of 45 years. In four cohorts of random samples of Norwegian populations with 103,881 participants, 43,731 persons had died per 31 December 2016. In total, 5,949 (14%) had died from respiratory diseases; 2,442 (41%) from lung cancer, 1,717 (29%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 1,348 (23%) pneumonia, 119 (2%) asthma, 147 (2%) interstitial lung disease and 176 (3%) other pulmonary diseases. Compared with persons without respiratory symptoms the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for lung cancer deaths increased with score of breathlessness on effort and cough and phlegm, being 2.6 (95% CI 2.1-3.2) for breathlessness score 3 and 2.1 (95% CI 1.7-2.5) for cough and phlegm score 5. The HR of COPD death was 6.4 (95% CI 5.4-7.7) for breathlessness score 3 and 3.0 (2.4-3.6) for cough and phlegm score 5. Attacks of breathlessness and wheeze score 2 had a HR of 1.6 (1.4-1.9) for COPD death. The risk of pneumonia deaths increased also with higher breathlessness on effort score, but not with higher cough and phlegm score, except for score 2 with HR 1.5 (1.2-1.8). In this study with >2.4 million person-years at risk, a positive association was observed between scores of respiratory symptoms and deaths due to COPD and lung cancer. Respiratory symptoms are thus important risk factors, which should be followed thoroughly by health care practitioners for the benefit of public health.
Highlights
Respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), remain a leading cause of disability and death worldwide [1,2,3]
This study reports on the association of self-reported subsets of respiratory symptoms such as breathlessness on effort, cough and phlegm, and attacks of breathlessness/wheeze with the mortality from lung cancer, pneumonia/influenza, COPD, asthma and interstitial pneumonias over 45 years
This study has shown that respiratory symptoms were associated with respiratory deaths due to lung cancer, COPD, pneumonia and asthma
Summary
Respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), remain a leading cause of disability and death worldwide [1,2,3]. In the 1970s, at least one respiratory symptom was reported by 40% of the adult inhabitants of the Oslo city: cough in the morning, attacks of breathlessness, breathless when climbing
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