Abstract
BackgroundCardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1ρ mapping can be used to detect ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy without the need of exogenous contrast agents. Current 2D myocardial T1ρ mapping requires multiple breath-holds and provides limited coverage. Respiratory gating by diaphragmatic navigation has recently been exploited to enable free-breathing 3D T1ρ mapping, which, however, has low acquisition efficiency and may result in unpredictable and long scan times. This study aims to develop a fast respiratory motion-compensated 3D whole-heart myocardial T1ρ mapping technique with high spatial resolution and predictable scan time.MethodsThe proposed electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered T1ρ mapping sequence is performed under free-breathing using an undersampled variable-density 3D Cartesian sampling with spiral-like order. Preparation pulses with different T1ρ spin-lock times are employed to acquire multiple T1ρ-weighted images. A saturation prepulse is played at the start of each heartbeat to reset the magnetization before T1ρ preparation. Image navigators are employed to enable beat-to-beat 2D translational respiratory motion correction of the heart for each T1ρ-weighted dataset, after which, 3D translational registration is performed to align all T1ρ-weighted volumes. Undersampled reconstruction is performed using a multi-contrast 3D patch-based low-rank algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed technique was tested in phantoms and in vivo in 11 healthy subjects in comparison with 2D T1ρ mapping. The feasibility of the proposed technique was further investigated in 3 patients with suspected cardiovascular disease. Breath-hold late-gadolinium enhanced (LGE) images were acquired in patients as reference for scar detection.ResultsPhantoms results revealed that the proposed technique provided accurate T1ρ values over a wide range of simulated heart rates in comparison to a 2D T1ρ mapping reference. Homogeneous 3D T1ρ maps were obtained for healthy subjects, with septal T1ρ of 58.0 ± 4.1 ms which was comparable to 2D breath-hold measurements (57.6 ± 4.7 ms, P = 0.83). Myocardial scar was detected in 1 of the 3 patients, and increased T1ρ values (87.4 ± 5.7 ms) were observed in the infarcted region.ConclusionsAn accelerated free-breathing 3D whole-heart T1ρ mapping technique was developed with high respiratory scan efficiency and near-isotropic spatial resolution (1.7 × 1.7 × 2 mm3) in a clinically feasible scan time of ~ 6 mins. Preliminary patient results suggest that the proposed technique may find applications in non-contrast myocardial tissue characterization.
Highlights
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1ρ mapping can be used to detect ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy without the need of exogenous contrast agents
Late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) imaging requires the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents, which may be contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment, due to poor renal clearance of the contrast agent [4]
We propose a free-breathing motioncompensated 3D whole heart T1ρ mapping technique with near-isotropic spatial resolution (1.7 × 1.7 × 2 mm3) and predictable and clinically feasible scan time (~ 6 min)
Summary
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1ρ mapping can be used to detect ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy without the need of exogenous contrast agents. Respiratory gating by diaphragmatic navigation has recently been exploited to enable free-breathing 3D T1ρ mapping, which, has low acquisition efficiency and may result in unpredictable and long scan times. Current 2D myocardial T1ρ mapping requires multiple breath-holds to acquire several T1ρ-weighted images for pixel-wise T1ρ fitting [6, 15], which results in limited coverage and spatial resolution. By using respiratory diaphragmatic navigator gating, a 3D free-breathing T1ρ mapping technique has recently been proposed to achieve whole-heart coverage [16]. This technique employed compressed sensing reconstruction with spatial total variation to accelerate the acquisition. Due to the reduced acquisition efficiency by respiratory gating and the need of recovery heartbeats between T1ρ preparations, long scan times are required for the sequence with compromised spatial resolution (1.9 × 1.9 × 6 mm, scan time ~ 18 min) [16]
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